Rawls's Theory of Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rawls's Theory of Distributive Justice - Essay Example Rawls’s theory has an historical root from social contract tradition that is associated with Thomas John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Traditional social contract theory addresses a state of nature that describes the content of a social contract which is an agreement to enter civil society. Distributive justice deals with the questions of distribution of liberties, wealth, and income (Rawls, 2003) According to Rawls there are two principles that are supposed to govern the basic makeup of a just society are the parties to the original position: an imaginary circumstance which specially constructed by a rational individual. The principles are (a) the principle of equal liberty and social justice where each individual has equal claim to adequate basic rights and liberties. In this system there are equal political liberties with guaranteed fair share. (b) The difference principle: there are social and economic inequalities that are attached to positions which are open to all un der conditions of equal opportunity, and they are to benefit even the least advantaged member in the society (Rawls, 2003). According to this principle, an inequality can benefit the person who gets the smaller share. Inequalities can form incentives which increase the size to shared, so that the smaller piece may be larger in absolute terms. The difference principle deals with strict equality under circumstances where differences in income and other rewards do not affect the incentives of an individual. On the other hand, in the real world currently, greater rewards bring forth greater productive effort, thus increasing the total wealth of the economy and therefore the wealth of the least advantaged (Rawls, 2003). Rawls argues that if the skilled and motivated increase their rewards then the poor will benefit than they would have been through equal allocation of income. He also realizes that redistribution cannot go as far as his moral preference for equality without making everyon e worse off. He argues for inheritance taxes because unregulated transfer of wealth through generation would end up in the accumulation of wealth in given section of society. According to Rawls, individuals who are not lucky enough to have wealthy parents do not have worse starting points than those who were so fortunate. He contends that society should tax the wealthy with the undeserved inherited gain of children of rich persons (Gerald, 1999). According to Rawls such a system of justice will limit the unfair resources and encourage the redistribution which will favor the disadvantaged. For Rawls it is unfair to leave the disadvantaged in no better position than before, even if the inequality does not harm them. In this way he emphasized the distribution type of justice which favored equal distribution of basic commodities like income and wealth. Practically, it implies that in difference principle, the society must distribute wealth up to the extent that the wealth of the most di sadvantaged is improved. In essence the society must tax and reallocate wealth of wealthy individual to the point where their incentive to generate more just fade away. Rawls describes his theory as political because it does not depend on assumptions that are usually unclear to rational citizens in a pluralistic society. He argues that justice require equality as it complies where everyone has fair equal rights and liberties. To Rawls disagreements are resolved on the basis of prior agreement

Philosophy of Man Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Man Essay

British Colonialism and its Linguistic Consequences

British Colonialism and its Linguistic Consequences Background Colonization (and more recently globalization) certainly accounts for the drastic changes in the linguistic landscapes of the world over the centuries. Conceptualized as as the directing control of politics, society and people by foreign states, colonization has imposed to the colonized several harmful challenges. The compulsory necessity of engaging with a language ascribed to oppression, exploitation and slavery stands out, though. Moreover, colonialism, in many territories meant also an imposed mosaic of different ethnic groups and human types that prior to European penetration, had different political, cultural and social structures which were randomly obliged to coexist in that space. Such impositions regarding language and life styles reflected and altered the identity of the colonized people and, according to TÃ ¼rkmen (2003), played an important role essential to colonialism to be successful: Identity is one of the indispensable components of colonialism, if we consider colonialism as a body; identity constitutes its spirit while the economic exploitation is its corporal body. The colonizer coming to the virgin lands with the feeling of colonial desire and obsession to have cheap profit in his heart finds himself ready to defame the inhabitants, regard them as the other. And he starts his policy by deterritorializing and reterritorializing (p.189). In that sense, people were forced to be what they are not. This is evident by the fact that the colonizers used to call the colonies new lands, as if they were virgin lands, uninhabited before their arrival. TÃ ¼rkmen (2003) stresses that the colonizers did not perceive their actions over the colonies as reconstruction because they did not consider the institutions and cultures established in the colonies as valuable. The colonizers also imposed their culture and language as a way to legitimize their power: In the colony what is asymmetrical, rather than merely different proves to be pathological. In order to legitimize their maltreatment, the colonizer tries to project the other not only different but also dangerous, primitive, aggressive, lazy, etc. The aim is making people feel that colonialism is not an unfair perpetration, rather, it is a necessary drive, for, and these people do not deserve these lands by virtue of their notorious traits. Also, the drive, after all, will promote their life standards. This is for their interest. (Robert Young in Colonialism and Desiring machine as cited in TÃ ¼rkmen (2003), p.190) As shown, the colonized is forced to internalize a new identity through the reinforcement of stereotypes by the colonizer, which is easily understandable if one thinks that the colonized finds him/herself in a circumstance they have never experienced before, after having been obliged to abandon all what constitutes his/her world. The colonized then has no option other than emulate the colonizer as a sole model in front of him. However, his attempt is rejected by the colonizer. Motivated by his urge for exploitation, he makes sure to set hard limits to the difference, as to them the difference is what feeds the colonial system, what legitimize and postulates it (TÃ ¼rkmen, 2003). So the colonized loses his former identity but he is also not supported in building a new one. As TÃ ¼rkmen (2003) puts, it, he will neither be like the colonizer nor himself. Thus, he lives in a complete oblivion. All at once, he is casted out from his history, memory and citizenship. Nonetheless, through colonialism identity is not totally lost, but set in the unknown ground temporally placed between prior and after the colonizers came. Identity and language Identity and the cognate terms in other languages have a long history as technical terms in Western philosophy from the ancient Greeks through contemporary analytical philosophy. They have been used to address the perennial philosophical problems of permanence amidst manifest change, and of unity amidst diversity. Wide spread vernacular and social-analytical use of identity and its cognates, however, is of much more recent vintage and more localized provenance. The introduction of identity into social analysis and its initial diffusion into social sciences and public discourse occurred in the United States in the 1960s (with some anticipation in the second half of the 1950s). The most important and best-know trajectory involved the appropriation and popularization of Erik Erikson (who was responsible, among other things, for coining the term identity crisis). But there were other paths of diffusion as well. The notion of identification was pried from its original, specifically psychoanalytic context (where the term had been initially introduced by Freud) and linked to ethnicity on the one hand and to sociological role theory and reference group theory. The term identity proved highly resonant in the 1960s diffusing quickly across disciplinary and national boundaries, establishing itself in the journalistic as well as the academic lexicon, and permeating the language of social and political analysis. (Davis, 2004, p.61) Stuart Hall, one of the well-known scholars specialized on identity, points that identity is dynamic, not stable and is in constant flux: Perhaps instead of thinking as identity as an already accomplished historical fact, which the new cinematic discourses represent, we should think, instead, of identity as a production, which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted within, not outside, representation (ibid 210), (Davis, 2004, p.184). Therefore, cultural identity can be considered as a historically located set of experiences that need to be recovered in order to fulfill the desire to become one nation or one people, hence, happens to the language. As it expresses beyond what its words signifies, language also reveals the way individuals situate themselves in relationship to others, the way they group themselves, the powers they claim for themselves and the powers they stipulate to others (Sterling, xxx). People use language to indicate social allegiances, that is, which groups they are members of and which groups they are not. In addition, they use language to create and maintain role relationships between individuals and between groups in such a manner that the linguistic varieties used by a community form a system that corresponds to the structure of the society. Therefore, a speaker uses language not only to express but to create a representation of him/herself in relation to others with whom s/he is interacting. The issue of respect is an aspect of the broader relationship between power and language. Power is the degree to which one interlocutor is able to control the behavior of the other. S/he then uses the language of intimacy and familiarity as they used it in greetings, communicating about family, and leave-takings. In talking about their jobs and other external acquaintances, they use the colonizers language, which possibly signs distance. Sterling (xxx) also argues that within a society or a culture, speech patterns become tools that speakers manipulate to group themselves and categorize others with whom they are interacting: Because of the relationship between language use and group membership, language can inspire deep group loyalties. It can serve as a symbol of unification on several levels. On the national level, language loyalty can serve an important political function. Many people in the United States are threatened by the use of languages other than English. To speak a language other than English is thought to be un-American. This is because English is promoted as the one and only possible language of a unified and healthy nation. On a local level, language is a symbol of loyalty to a community. (Sterling, xxx, p.xx). For the community as a whole, socialization through language learning creates conformity to social norms and transmits the culture of the community. As s/he learns language, a child learns the social structure of the culture, learning the appropriate linguistic form for each kind of person. This is part of communicative competence. Communicative competence is not only knowing how to speak the specific language(s) used in the speech community but also knowing how to use language appropriately in any given social situation in the community. And the ability to know that is closely related to the identity that one holds. Speech patterns become tools that speakers manipulate to group themselves and categorize others with whom they are interacting and that is only shared with those sharing a certain identity, whether in a community or a culture.

Beloved - Toni Morrison :: essays research papers

Confidence and violence: relationship between women in â€Å"Beloved† The story told in â€Å"Beloved† contains a process of memorialization and change. In this process, the relationship between women is very important. Some relations are dominated by violence and hate, others are full of confidence and love. In those relationships rememory and storytelling are important factors, because the women get to know each other better by telling stories about the past. They get to know much more about each other, through which their relationship dà ³es change. When Sethe arrives at 124 Bluestone Road, Baby Suggs doesn’t know her at all. She only knows Sethe ‘s her daughter-in-law, the woman who married her son Halle and who gave him four children. And yet she helps Sethe immediately. At 124 Bluestone Road, Baby Suggs creates a space, which provides warmth and certainty for Sethe and her children, just as 124 is for the whole community. â€Å"124 was †¦ night long.† (p.86) I think it really adorns Baby Suggs that she was such a warm person, especially to Sethe and her children. In fact she opens her house and her heart to the whole community. When Beloved arrives at 124, she immediately takes part of the family life. Sethe dà ³es really like it to have another daughter living with them and she’s flattered by Beloved’s open devotion. â€Å"Sethe was†¦his teacher.† (p. 50) Denver in the beginning also likes Beloved’s presence. The three become a real â€Å"family†: they ice skate, drink cocoa, dress up in bright colors and ribbons. Their relationship is mostly positive. But as soon as Sethe understands who Beloved is, Beloved's claim on her is total. Sethe no longer goes to work; she attends to Beloved's wishes. Denver - who once was the most important person in Sethe’s life - tries to make claims on both Beloved as a sister and Sethe as a mother, but she is gradually shut out of the relationship. Sethe doesn’t want to tell much about her past to Denver, but to Beloved she tells nearly everything. â€Å"It became†¦incomplete reveries.† (p. 58) Ultimately Denver and Sethe are bound to Beloved. The three are fixed on story-telling, although it hurts Sethe, she keeps telling nearly everything about her past to Beloved. One day, they go to the Clearing, a space in the wood that was "wide-open" and blessed, where it was â€Å"possible to love†. Sethe comes to this place to figure out what to do with her past.

Investment Management Essay

Both hedge funds and mutual funds are â€Å"pooled† instruments, but there are more differences than similarities between them. Three kinds of differences are going to introduce in the following part which are strategy, risk and reward. Strategy: The hedge funds managers have fewer limits to deal with, they can sell short, use derivatives and use leverage, and otherwise, they can also change the strategy significantly if they think it is appropriate. The mutual fund managers cannot be as flexible as hedge fund managers. In case they changes the strategy of the fund, the may be accused of â€Å"style drift†. Risk: As hedge funds are managed much more aggressive than the mutual fund, they can take speculative positions in derivative securities and have the ability to short sell stocks. This will obviously increase the leverage and the risk of the fund. Mutual funds are the opposite of the hedge funds, taking highly leveraged positions is not allowed and managers should take solid strategy to make the funds safe. Reward: Hedge funds take an aggressive strategy which has high risks to seek absolute returns (it means they want to produce positive return no matter what the market performance is). Mutual funds are managed relative to an index benchmark which means their return is steady because they are judged on their variance from that benchmark. 3. Arbitrage opportunity 3. 1 According to the case study, during the IPO of Ubid, there is only 20% equity offer to public, and remaining 80% will distribute to CC’s shareholders after 6 months. The arbitrage opportunity is appear because if we own CC’s share that we will receive Ubid’s share after six months. In that reason, we should form a portfolio which combines long position of CC and short position of Ubid. In Dec 9, there was 10,238,703 CC’s share outstanding and 9,146,883 Ubid’s share outstanding. However the 80% of Ubid’s share will distributed to CC’s shareholders after 6 month of IPO. In that reason, we can assume that 80% of Ubid’s share is subjected to CC’s share. (10,238,703? 80%)/9,146,883=0. 715 If we have long position on 1 share of CC, we should take 0. 715 short position of Ubid’s share. 3. 2 Based on the output in section 3. 1, the arbitrage opportunity has arise when we have 1 long position on CC’s share and 0. 15 short position on Ubid’s share. Therefore we need short sell the Ubid’s share and buy CC’s share. Assume that we buy 1 share of CC and short sell 0. 715 share of Ubid. After 6 months later. In addition, after 6 months, the 80% Ubid’s share will distribute to CC’s shareholders, therefore, after 6 months we have 1 share of CC will receive 0. 715 share of Ubid. Subject to 1 s hare of CC, we have 0. 715 share short position of Ubid. In that reason we will have a portfolio that combine 1 long position of CC and 0. 715 short position of Ubid. The total payoff of portfolio is sum of payoff in both position is: Price of CC after six month – price of CC + 0. 715? price of Ubid. As we mention before, our return is the total payoff of portfolio. According to the equation of payoff of portfolio, even the price of CC is drop to Zero, we also will generate positive return which is price difference between Ubid and CC, and this is our minimum return Price difference of Ubid and CC is 0. 715? 35. 6875-22. 75=2. 767 and the initial margin is 50% for long and short position, therefore the capital required is 50%? 2. 75+50%? 35. 6875=29. 22. The minimum rate of return is 4. Risks in arbitrage The arbitrage means that investors find temporary risk-free profit from misprice at inefficient market. Therefore, arbitrageurs will face risk lower than other investors. However, some of risks can limit arbitrageur to seek risk free profit. Firstly, arbitrageurs need to bear the fundamental risk. Although arbitrageurs can eliminate unsyst ematic (firm-specific) risk by portfolio diversification, they cannot mitigate systematic risk which arises from market contracture. This lead to some of bad news or policies can cause negative effects on fundament value and arbitrageurs’ profits. Thus, the fundamental risk can limit arbitrageurs to invest in inefficient market. Secondly, noise trader risk will limit arbitrage. High percentages of noise traders who make irrational investment of decision in market will lead price and risk level to be different with expected level for arbitrageurs, and cause misprice to be reduced. Thus the profit of arbitrage will be limit by noise trader risk. Finally, arbitrageurs will also face high implement cost. Implement cost includes commission, bid-ask spread, price impact, short sell cost and identification cost. High cost will cause arbitrageur loss interest on seeking misprice in inefficient market.

Oral Communication in Business Essay

Business communication is done through various avenues including the written word (via Email, letters and reports), the face to face meeting and telephone conversations. It is particularly important when using speech to communicate with others, whether client or employee, that what you say is what you mean, both in tone of voice and words chosen. The most obvious reason to use the spoken word is to give information to another. How effectively this is done depends on imparting pertinent key points to the listener and giving him or her a clear idea of what the expected result should be. The client wants to know the status of his order and the employee wants to know the deadline to fill it. Oral communication can also be used to persuade or motive others to accomplish a specific task. By showing confidence through your tone of voice and using open-ended statements and questions, your listener is exhorted to action. This is particularly effective when speaking with employees regarding a change in the organization. Make sure they are aware of the benefits and ask them to relate how this will help them in their jobs. The way oral communication is approached can mean the difference between boring your listener to tears or actively engaging their thought processes. Failure to communicate well can be seen as inability to communicate well (Gabbin, 1996). Keeping your listeners entertained is one way to keep them listening. You do not have to memorize a joke of the day, but simply avoid droning on about numbers or statistics or other â€Å"dry† subjects. A company that holds annual employee rallies to boost morale should incorporate both the entertainment and motivation aspects of speech. Reviewing the company’s fiscal state of affairs and thanking employees for their contribution while causing them to think of further ways to improve the future bottom line would create an atmosphere of trust and good will. Motivate, entertain, and leave them looking forward to the next rally!

Using Animals in Research is Not Justified essays

Using Animals in Research is Not Justified essays According to Baldwin Elizabeths report the population of chimpanzees has drastically come down from 2,000,000 to 150,000 chimpanzees. On the similar lines, number of rabbits has declined from 3,000,000,000 to mere 1,500,000. Today, millions of animals are used in research, because of which not only chimpanzees and rabbits population are dropping down, but also other animals like dogs, mice, sharks, pigs, etceteras population are dropping down. In the United States, in many cases of Scientific Research, animals are used to test out specific products that are yet to become consumer products; usually the testing is for other medical purposes. There is a recurring argument of whether or not using animals in research is justified. Many people, usually scientists believe that animal testing is justified. However, I beg to differ because humans and animals are too different to make animal research any useful for humans, animal testing is cruel and unjustified, and animals too have moral rights. The reason for first argument has been rightly explained by Kowalski Kathiann, according to whose article, thousands of chimpanzees bred in the 1980s for AIDS research because 98 percent of chimpanzees have same DNA that humans have. However, researchers discovered that, unlike humans, chimpanzees do not develop AIDS, when they are infected with the HIV virus. Even animals whose DNA is similar to humans are not reliable test subjects because they may not react the same way. Similarly, the injectable contraceptive Depro-Provera was banned in the U.S over 20 years ago on the basis that it caused cancer in dogs and baboons, but recently that ban has been lifted because it was discovered that Depro-Provera did not cause cancer in humans. I, like most people, am also against practices of using animals to determine if cosmetic products are harmful. The negative publicity and consumer pressure surrounding these p...

Understanding Meritocracy

Understanding Meritocracy Meritocracy is a social system in which success and status in life depend primarily on individual talents, abilities, and effort. It is a social system in which people advance on the basis of their merits. A meritocratic system contrasts with aristocracy, for which people advance on the basis of the status and titles of family and other relations.   From the days of Aristotle, who coined the term ethos, the idea of awarding positions of power to those most capable have been a part of political discussion not only for governments but for business endeavors as well. Many Western societiesthe United States chief among themare commonly considered to be meritocracies, meaning these societies are built on the belief that anyone can make it with hard work and dedication. Social scientists often refer to this as the bootstrap ideology, evoking the popular notion of pulling oneself up by the bootstraps.   However, many challenge the validity of the position that Western societies are meritocracies, perhaps rightfully so. Widespread evidence exists, to varying degrees, within each of these societies of structural inequalities and systems of oppression designed and developed specifically to limit opportunities based on class, gender, race, ethnicity, ability, sexuality, and other social markers. Aristotles Ethos and Meritocracy In discussions of rhetoric, Aristotle relates the epitome of his understanding of the word ethos as the mastery of a particular subject.   Rather than determining merit based on the modern state of affairs as exemplified by the political system in place at the time, Aristotle argued that it should come from a traditional understanding of aristocratic and oligarchical structures that define good and knowledgeable. In 1958, Michael Young wrote a satirical paper mocking the Tripartite System of British education called The Rise of the Meritocracy, declaring that merit is equated with intelligence-plus-effort, its possessors are identified at an early age and selected for appropriate intensive education, and there is an obsession with quantification, test-scoring, and qualifications. The term has come to frequently be described in modern day sociology and psychology as any act of judgment based on merit. Although some disagree about what qualifies as true merit, most now agree that merit should be the primary concern for selecting an applicant for a position. Social  Inequality and Merit Disparity In modern times, especially in the United States, the idea of a merit-based-only system of governance and business creates a disparity, as the availability of resources to cultivate merit are largely predicated upon ones current and historic socioeconomic status. Thus, those born into higher socioeconomic standingthose who have more wealthhave access to more resources than those born into lower standing.   Unequal access to resources has a direct and significant effect on the quality of education a child will receive all the way from kindergarten through university. The quality of ones education, among other factors related to inequalities and discrimination, directly affects the development of merit and how meritorious one will appear when applying for positions. In his 2012 book Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness, Khen Lampert argues that a kinship exists between merit-based scholarships and education and social Darwinism, wherein only those given opportunities from birth are able to survive natural selection: By awarding only those who possess the means to afford a higher-quality education, either through intellectual or financial merit, a disparity is institutionally created between the impoverished and the wealthy, those born with inherent disadvantages and those born into socioeconomic prosperity. While meritocracy is a noble ideal for any social system, achieving it first requires recognizing that social, economic, and political conditions may exist which make it impossible. To achieve it, then, such conditions must be corrected.

Calgary International Oil Shale Technologies

The report deals with the conflict the between the labourers and the scientist of   Calgary International Oil Shale Technologies, and advices Algoma Howard and her team for improving the employee-involvement relationship. Algoma Howard is the First Nation descendant, who implemented the teamwork program. It is important to note that one of the greatest solution of here problem is, she had, with her, Carlos Debrito, who is working in the Calgary International Oils Shale Technologies for 26 years. Conflict is something that is very common in a team and it could arise due to various reasons, one of the most important reasons behind this is personality clash. Since most of the time, the teams have people of different personalities therefore; most of the time there is a conflict within the team due to the difference in personalities. In this particular case the Calgary is a company that is having a dispute between the scientists and the labourers, and through the following way this particular dispute could be solved:   Behrends, A., Park, S.J. and Rottenburg, R., 2014. Travelling Models in African Conflict Management: Translating Technologies of Social Ordering. Brill. Berman, L. (2016). 13 Tools for Resolving Conflict in the Workplace, with Customers and in Life. Mediate.com. Folger, J.P., Poole, M.S. and Stutman, R.K., 2012. Working through conflict. Pearson Higher Ed. Marter, J. (2014). The Huffington Post.

Effects of Divorce on Children's Achievements in School Research Proposal

Effects of Divorce on Children's Achievements in School - Research Proposal Example The present study makes an attempt to study the consequences of divorce on the child's education and academic achievement as compared to their previous academic records. The present study is a descriptive study because it involves comparison of previous existing academic records about the students and comparing the same with the latest records which will help to analyze the effect of divorce on their academic brilliance. The development of society has led to many changes in the lives of people. The new age of information has resulted in changing attitudes with regard to their approach towards life and relationship which was earlier a bonding of different lives. The approach, the present paper highlights is about divorce which is ever increasing in developed countries, but developing nations are not left behind as the trend is followed over there too. Divorce is technically the formal dissolution of marriage which is more often conceived as the catalyst for the increasing family fragmentation characterizing contemporary western societies. It is further important to mention that divorce reflects the changing societal values and norms concerning marriage, gender, children, parenting and care giving (David Clarke, 2007). According to Bane (cited in Hetherington, Cox and Cox, 1982) high rate of divorce per se is not a matter for concern in a society that values individual choice, even though some of the consequences may warrant societal attention. Divorce, in legal terms, is an end to marriage but the separation has greater impact on various factors which also includes children's welfare, education and their academic and social development. According to Bumpass (cited in Keith and Finlay, 1988), the increasing prevalence of divorce involving children is an important topic which needs to be studied over the period of time so as to ascertain the effects of divorce on their academic achievements. Some of the previous studies with regard to effects of divorce on children's education have led to a conclusion that there is no significant effect once adequate controls for social class are introduced. In a longitudinal study carried out by Cherlin, Furstenberg, Chase-Lansdale, Kiernan, Robins, Morrison and Teitler (1991) it was revealed that the academic performance of the children, both boys and girls, has reduced as compared to their previous performance when their parents didn't separat ed. However it is pertinent to mention here that the effect of divorce in girls was minimal as compared to that of boys. An early research into the effects of divorce on young minds by Judith Wallerstein and her colleagues which included 60 divorced couples and their 131 children, it was revealed that almost half of the participants were characterized as worried, underachieving, self deprecating and sometimes angry young man and women (Weiten, Lloyd, Dunn and Hammer, 2008). Research Methodology Research is a way of thinking, critically examining the various aspects of the subject being studied, understanding and formulating guiding principles that govern a particular procedure; and developing and testing new theories (Kumar, 2005).

Informative Speech on Childrens Hospital of the Kings Daughter Essay

Informative Speech on Childrens Hospital of the Kings Daughter - Essay Example The hospital provides emergency services, pediatric services, surgery practices and a fully functional and comprehensive outpatient services. The hospital serves nearly 500,000 children through its 900 employees. The hospital claims to be more than just a hospital as it offers community service program including child abuse programs. There only 43 other hospitals through the US that provide the same services and programs offered by CHKD. The hospital serves the highest percentage of Medicaid patients. In 2013, 54 percent of the hospitals patients were covered through Medicaid. Even though most patients were covered through Medicaid, Medicaid does not cover the entire cost of medical care. In such a case, CHDK provides for the child through its own funds that are collected through donations. In 2013, these donations contributed 2.15 million dollars. In the same year, the hospital served 5177 inpatient admissions, 13,109 surgical cases, 144,023 specialty clinic visits and 49,651 visits to the Emergency Center. The hospital provided 79 million dollars of fund in community benefit programs and activities in 2012. This has been achieved mainly through the help of the community. The hospital is open to individual and corporate donations. The donations received for this hospital do not go into the private fund of any shareholder but is rather given back to the hospital. This makes the hospital a non-profit organization. Fund raising events created for the purpose of benefiting the organization is also part of the program. The hospital has featured fundraising partners that collaborate with the hospital for raising money through fund raising program. These partners include Anthem Lemonaid, Childrens Miracle Network Hospitals, David Wright Vegas Night, Farm Fresh Roundup and The Point Radiothon. The hospital is also open for volunteer services. The foundations of CHDK was established in 1896 when a group of women with a passion for community service

Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Conclusion - Essay Example Migraine has various negative effects on the lives of the patients suffering from it. After depressive disorders, migraine is the main reason why women take days off work, in high-income countries. Not only does it affect working women, but the onset of migraine in adolescents is also very common (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). Migraine patients often feel that the headaches control their lives. Research has proven that patients think that migraine affects their quality of life and at times makes it impossible for them to live their life freely. However, it is one of those disorders, the effects of which, extend to the entire family, friends and other relationships (Rutberg & Ã" ¦hrling, 2009). Even though there have been various interventions and research studies regarding migraines, it has been very difficult for the nurses to help migraine patients deal with the symptoms. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been used to treat migraines in women. Acupuncture is a non-pharmacological treatment that has been found to be very effective when treating migraine headaches. Numerous research studies have been conducted over time to test the effectiveness of acupuncture for curing migraine (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). The objective of this paper is to review and analyze the effectiveness of acupuncture against migraine in females. The paper investigates how acupuncture is more effective, and determine the veracity of it exhibiting fewer side effects, than analgesics for alleviation of migraine, in females between 25 to 55 years old, during the first few hours of administration. Therefore, the clinical question of interest is: from among female patients be tween the ages of 25 through 55 that had been diagnosed with migraine, is acupuncture more effective as it allegedly exhibit lesser side effects than analgesics, for alleviating the symptoms? Acupuncture is

Killing With Keyboards Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Killing With Keyboards - Assignment Example sing the information to a pedophile to threaten Chris’ children; (4) altering the information to spread confusion just for the sake of fun; or, (5) harassing him for ransom. Vulnerabilities include: (1) Trojan horses, which are destructive programs that are sent into the computer system so that all important passwords and valuable information such as the social security number is conveyed to the thief. (2) Email phishing, in which the victim (Chris) is sent emails that scam him by leading him to a counterfeit website which inquires about his private information. (3) Viruses, which infect the systems and unlock all important information. (5) Social networking, which makes all shared information vulnerable. (5) Employee sabotage, in which a colleague gets unauthorized access to information. Measures include educating the internet users about their rights of protection so that they do not become victims at the hands of criminals (Newman, 2009). The more the awareness about the us er’s information security, the lesser will be the chance of fraudulent

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project - Essay Example said contract period, to comply with any provision of this Agreement intended for the client’s protection or benefit, or that that by its sense and context, is intended to survive the completion, expiration or termination of this Agreement. Contractor understands that no work should begin under this agreement until all required signatures on this Agreement have been obtained. Any work performed by contractor prior to such time shall be considered as having been performed at the contractor’s own risk and as a volunteer. Client may terminate this Agreement in whole or in part for its sole Convenience. Upon notice of such termination, Contractor shall immediately stop all work including shipment of goods under this Agreement and cause its suppliers and/or subcontractors to cease their work for this Agreement. In the event of such termination, Contractor shall be entitled to payment, calculated on a pro rata or other equitable basis, determined by the Client in its sole discretion, for work or services satisfactorily performed. In no event shall Contractor be paid for work performed or costs incurred after receipt of notice of termination, or for costs incurred by suppliers or subcontractors, which reasonably could have been avoided. Offer: It is mentioned that the offeror/ contractor offers to perform the house renovation as agreed upon in ‘annex 1’. Basing on the given guidelines, the contractor shall render the service needed by the client in exchange for monetary payment at the end of the contract period. It is also stated how the contractor expects to be compensated in the ‘Terms of Payment’ section. As such, the contractor is able to clearly state what is expected of him while bound by this service contract. Acceptance: The client/ offeree signified his intent to comply with his side of the agreement by signing off the document. With this, the client makes it clear that he understands what is expected of him as a client and agrees to pay for the

Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Conclusion - Essay Example Migraine has various negative effects on the lives of the patients suffering from it. After depressive disorders, migraine is the main reason why women take days off work, in high-income countries. Not only does it affect working women, but the onset of migraine in adolescents is also very common (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). Migraine patients often feel that the headaches control their lives. Research has proven that patients think that migraine affects their quality of life and at times makes it impossible for them to live their life freely. However, it is one of those disorders, the effects of which, extend to the entire family, friends and other relationships (Rutberg & Ã" ¦hrling, 2009). Even though there have been various interventions and research studies regarding migraines, it has been very difficult for the nurses to help migraine patients deal with the symptoms. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been used to treat migraines in women. Acupuncture is a non-pharmacological treatment that has been found to be very effective when treating migraine headaches. Numerous research studies have been conducted over time to test the effectiveness of acupuncture for curing migraine (Iseri & CabioÄŸlu, 2012). The objective of this paper is to review and analyze the effectiveness of acupuncture against migraine in females. The paper investigates how acupuncture is more effective, and determine the veracity of it exhibiting fewer side effects, than analgesics for alleviation of migraine, in females between 25 to 55 years old, during the first few hours of administration. Therefore, the clinical question of interest is: from among female patients be tween the ages of 25 through 55 that had been diagnosed with migraine, is acupuncture more effective as it allegedly exhibit lesser side effects than analgesics, for alleviating the symptoms? Acupuncture is

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Phase 2 Individual Project - Essay Example said contract period, to comply with any provision of this Agreement intended for the client’s protection or benefit, or that that by its sense and context, is intended to survive the completion, expiration or termination of this Agreement. Contractor understands that no work should begin under this agreement until all required signatures on this Agreement have been obtained. Any work performed by contractor prior to such time shall be considered as having been performed at the contractor’s own risk and as a volunteer. Client may terminate this Agreement in whole or in part for its sole Convenience. Upon notice of such termination, Contractor shall immediately stop all work including shipment of goods under this Agreement and cause its suppliers and/or subcontractors to cease their work for this Agreement. In the event of such termination, Contractor shall be entitled to payment, calculated on a pro rata or other equitable basis, determined by the Client in its sole discretion, for work or services satisfactorily performed. In no event shall Contractor be paid for work performed or costs incurred after receipt of notice of termination, or for costs incurred by suppliers or subcontractors, which reasonably could have been avoided. Offer: It is mentioned that the offeror/ contractor offers to perform the house renovation as agreed upon in ‘annex 1’. Basing on the given guidelines, the contractor shall render the service needed by the client in exchange for monetary payment at the end of the contract period. It is also stated how the contractor expects to be compensated in the ‘Terms of Payment’ section. As such, the contractor is able to clearly state what is expected of him while bound by this service contract. Acceptance: The client/ offeree signified his intent to comply with his side of the agreement by signing off the document. With this, the client makes it clear that he understands what is expected of him as a client and agrees to pay for the

International Trade debate Part 2 Essay Example for Free

International Trade debate Part 2 Essay In reading my classmate’s paper, it is interesting to note that while the author is against unrestricted trade, the author nevertheless cites many of its benefits such as reducing dependency and cutting the cost of living. What is even more interesting is that the author tries to build a case around arguments that consider these benefits as detriments without ample support. When countries have to compete globally, they would have to streamline their products in order to find their most competitive wares or they won’t be able to compete at all. This opinion which is also mirrored by my paper is true, but the fear that some countries would engage in unfair practices is unfounded. For one thing, what does the author mean by â€Å"unfair† competition? Offering a price that is lower than your competitor’s is not unfair, it’s just competition. As the paper also mentions, this leads to specialization of goods based on each participating nation’s capabilities. While some of our products might not be marketable because of cheaper, higher-quality brands from some other countries, other goods that we export would be more marketable because of free trade and we could focus on those goods for export and not have to spread our resources too thin. This way, we can get the best profit for our best product. But what about countries that cannot be competitive? What about countries who simply do not have globally competitive products? Globalization also gives them the benefit of having cheaper products for their labor force to afford. Kellison (2006) states that economies that cannot offer globally competitive products usually end up offering another valuable resource, labor. Free trade cuts the cost of living for its laborers which make them afford better lifestyles. What is so wrong with that? In the final analysis, it is clear that globalization has a rightful place in today’s economy. References Kellison, P. (2006). Labor Forces in the 21st Century. N. Y. : Bakeman Books. My classmate’s paper: International Trade Debate â€Å"The Case for Protection† My paper: International Trade.

Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching for Medical Student

Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching for Medical Student CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding successful ventilation with the I-gel and Laryngeal mask Airway among the paramedical students. The purpose of the analysis is to reduce the data as manageable and interpretable form, so that the research problem can be suited and tested. The collected data are tabulated, organized and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Section–A: Distribution of paramedical students according to their selected demographic variables. Section-B: Distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Section-C: Distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Comparison between the pretest and posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Comparison between the pretest and posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Area wise comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Area wise comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Section-D: Effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Relationship between pretest and posttest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Association between the pretest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students and their selected demographic variables. Section A Distribution of paramedical students according to their demographic variables. Table 4.1: The frequency and percentage distribution of paramedical students according to their selected demographic variables. n=50 S.No Demographic variables f % 1 Age in years 17-19 20-22 23-25 22 23 5 44 46 10 2 Gender Male Female 34 16 68 32 3 Religion Hindu Muslim Christian Any other 31 12 7 0 62 20 18 0 4 Category of course of study B.Sc Critical care B.Sc physician assistant 31 19 62 38 5 Previous knowledge Yes No 40 10 80 20 6 If yes how did you obtain information By attending classes By attending airway management courses Through television Through internet 22 7 9 2 48 16 22 14 Table-4.1 Table 4.1 describes that distribution of paramedical students according to their demographic variables. According to their age most of the paramedical students, 22(44%) are in the age group of 17-19 years, 23(46%) are aged between 20-22 years and 5(10%) are aged between 23-25 years. Among 50 paramedical students according to their gender, majority of the paramedical students 34(68%) are male and 16(32%) of them are female. Among 50 paramedical students according to their religion, majority of the paramedical students 31(62%) are Hindus and 12(20%) of them are Muslim. 7(18%) paramedical student is Christian and none of the paramedical students belong to other religion category. Paramedical students according to their category of course of study, 31(62%) of them studying in Bachelor of Science in Critical Care, 19(38%) of them studying in Bachelor of Science in Physician Assistant. Paramedical students according to their previous knowledge regarding airway management, more than half of the paramedical students 40(80%) has previous knowledge regarding airway management and 10(20%) of paramedical students do not have previous knowledge regarding airway management. Paramedical students according to their previous knowledge regarding airway management, among 40 paramedical students, who have previous knowledge regarding airway management, more than half of them 22(48%) have gained knowledge by attending classes, 7(16%) have gained knowledge by attending airway management classes, 9(22%) have gained knowledge through television, 2(14%) of them have gained knowledge through internet. Section-B a) Distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Figure-4.1: Percentage distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. The above bar diagram shows that 34(68%) paramedical students have inadequate knowledge, 16(32%) paramedical students have moderately adequate knowledge and none of them have adequate knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their pretest. b) Distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Figure-4.2: Percentage distribution of paramedical students according to pretest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. The above bar diagram shows, among 50 paramedical students none of the paramedical students have good skill, 15(30%) paramedical students have average skill and 35(70%) of them have poor skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their pretest. Section: C a) Distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Figure-4.3: Percentage distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. The above bar diagram shows that 42(84%) paramedical students have adequate knowledge and 8(16%) of them have moderately adequate knowledge regarding I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. None of them have inadequate knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their posttest. b) Distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. Figure-4.4: Percentage distribution of paramedical students according to posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway. The above bar diagram shows, among 50 paramedical students none of them have poor skill, 7(14%) of them have average skill 43(86%) of them have good skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their posttest. c) Comparison between the pretest and posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Figure: 4.5 Percentage distributions according to their pretest and posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students The above bar diagram shows that 34(68%) paramedical students have inadequate knowledge, 16(32%) paramedical students have moderately adequate knowledge and none of them have adequate knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their pretest, Where as in post test, 42(84%) paramedical students have adequate knowledge and 8(16%) of them have moderately adequate knowledge, none of them have inadequate knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway when compared with pretest. Hence it highlights that there is a significant improvement in the knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway is improved compared to pre test. d) Comparison between the pretest and posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Figure: 4.6 Percentage distributions according to their pretest and posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. The above bar diagram shows, among 50 paramedical students none of the paramedical students have good skill, 15(30%) paramedical students have average skill and 35(70%) of them have poor skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their pretest. Where as in the posttest, none of them have poor skill, 7(14%) of them has average skill 43(86%) of them have good skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway in their posttest and compared with posttest. Hence it highlights that there is a significant improvement in the skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway was improved in the posttest, when compared to pre test. e) Area wise comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Table – 4.2: Mean, standard deviation, mean percentage and difference in mean percentage of pretest and posttest scores on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students in pretest and posttest. n=50 Area wise Maximum score Pretest Posttest Difference in mean % Mean S.D Mean% Mean S.D Mean % General information 9 5.9 1.55 65.5 8.08 0.71 89.7 24.2 I-gel 9 3.78 1.65 42 6.54 1.51 72.6 30.6 Laryngeal Mask Airway 12 5.26 1.77 43.8 8.96 1.29 74.6 30.8 Overall 30 14.94 4.97 151.3 23.58 3.51 236.9 85.6 The above table shows that, in area of general information the pre test mean score is 5.9 ±1.55 and mean percentage is 65.5, where as in the post test mean score is 8.08 ±0.71 and mean percentage is 89.7. This reveals that the difference in mean percentage is 24.2. In the area of I-gel the pre test mean score is 3.78 ±1.65 and mean percentage is 42, where as in the post test mean score is 6.54 ±1.51 and mean percentage is 72.6. This reveals that the difference in mean percentage is 30.6. In the area of Laryngeal mask airway the pre test mean score is 5.26 ±1.77 and mean percentage is 43.8, where as in the post test mean score is 8.96 ±1.29 and mean percentage is 74.6. This reveals that the difference in mean percentage is 30.8. In the pretest, the overall mean score is 14.94 ±4.97. In the pretest, the highest mean score is achieved in the general information with the score of 5.9 ±1.55. It reveals that difference in mean percentage is 24.2. In the post test, overall mean score is 23.58 ±3.51. The highest score is achieved in the Laryngeal Mask Airway with the score of 8.96 ±1.29. The overall difference in mean percentage is 85.6. The mean difference reveals that there is significant improvement in the knowledge in post test. f) Area wise comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Table – 4.3: Mean, standard deviation, mean percentage and difference in mean percentage of pretest and posttest scores on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students in pretest and posttest n=50 Area wise Maximum score Pretest Posttest Difference in mean % Mean S.D Mean % Mean S.D Mean % I-gel 14 7.08 1.03 50.5 12.08 1.33 86.2 35.7 Laryngeal Mask Airway 16 7.82 1.19 48.8 13.54 1.43 84.6 35.8 Overall 30 14.9 2.22 99.3 25.62 2.76 170.8 71.5 The above table shows that In the area of I-gel the pre test mean score is 7.08 ±1.03 and mean percentage is 50.5, where as in the post test mean score is 612.08 ±1.33 and mean percentage is 86.2. This reveals that the difference in mean percentage is 35.7. In the area of Laryngeal mask airway the pre test mean score is 7.82 ±1.19 and mean percentage is 48.8, where as in the post test mean score is 13.54 ±1.43 and mean percentage is 84.6. This reveals that the difference in mean percentage is 35.8. In the pretest, over all mean score is 14.9 ±2.22. The higher percentage of the pretest is achieved in the Laryngeal Mask Airway, where the mean score is 7.82 ±1.19 with the difference in mean percentage of 35.8. In the post test, the overall mean score was 25.62 ±2.76. The highest mean score is achieved in the area of laryngeal mask airway with the score of 13.54 ±1.43. The overall difference in mean percentage is 71.5. This reveals that there is significant improvement in the post test on skill than the pretest. g) Comparison between the pretest and the posttest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Table – 4.4: Comparison between the mean, SD, mean difference of pretest and the post test scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway Among the paramedical students. n=50 S.No Variables Maximum score Pretest Posttest Difference in mean % Mean S.D Mean% Mean S.D Mean % 1 Knowledge 30 14.94 2.99 49.8 23.58 2.50 78.6 28.8 2 Skill 30 14.9 1.72 49.7 25.62 2.31 85.4 35.7 The above table shows that in pretest, the knowledge mean score is 14.94 ±2.99 and the mean percentage is 49.8%. Where is posttest, the knowledge mean score is 23.58 ±2.50 and the mean percentage is 78.06%. The difference in mean percentage between the pretest and the posttest was 28.8%. In pretest, the skill mean score is 14.9 ±1.72 and the mean percentage is 49.7%. Where is posttest, the skill mean score is 25.62 ±2.31 and the mean percentage is 85.4%. The difference in mean percentage between the pretest and the posttest is 35.7%. It shows that in posttest there is significant improvement in knowledge and skill when compared to the knowledge and skill in pretest. Section D a) Effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Table – 4.5: The mean, SD and ‘t’ value on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students in pretest and posttest. n=50 S.No Variables Maximum score Pretest Posttest Paired ‘t’ value Df Mean SD Mean SD 1 Knowledge 30 14.94 2.99 23.58 2.50 15.74 49 2 Skill 30 14.9 1.72 25.62 2.31 30.63 *significant at p≠¤0.05 level Table value: 2.02 The above table shows the pre test knowledge Mean score is 14.94 ±2.99 and the posttest knowledge mean score is 23.58 ±2.50. The Skill mean score in the pretest is 14.9 ±1.72 and the posttest skill mean score is 25.62 ±2.31. The Obtained‘t’ value for knowledge and skill is 15.74 and 30.63 respectively, which is significant at p≠¤0.05 level. Hence the hypothesis H1 was retained. Thus it becomes evident that Video Assisted Teaching Programme is effective in improving the knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among the paramedical students b) Relationship between pretest and posttest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students Table – 4.6: Correlation between the pretest and the post test scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among the paramedical students. n=50 S.No Group Knowledge Skill ‘r’ Mean SD Mean SD 1 Pretest 14.94 2.99 14.9 1.72 0.41 2 Posttest 23.58 2.50 25.62 2.31 0.65 The above table shows that, in the pretest mean score of knowledge and skill is 14.94 ±2.99 and 14.9 ±1.72 respectively, ‘r’ value was 0.41. The posttests mean score of knowledge and skill is 23.58 ±2.50 and 25.62 ±2.31 respectively, ‘r’ value is 0.65. This reveals that there is positive correlation between the pretest and the posttest knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students. Hence the formulated hypothesis H2 was retained at p≠¤0.05 level. c) Association between the pretest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students and their selected demographic variables. Table – 4.7: Chi Square test on the knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among the Paramedical Students with their selected Demographic Variables. n=50 S.No Demographic variables à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 Df Table value 1 Age 2.76 2 5.99 2 Gender 0.06 1 3.84 3 Religion 2.21 3 7.82 4 Category of course 0.001 1 3.84 5 Previous knowledge 0.023 1 3.84 6 If yes how did you obtain information 1.60 3 7.82 *significant at p≠¤0.05 level The above table shows that there is no association between pretest score on knowledge regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students and their selected demographic variables such as Age, gender, religion, category of course of study, and previous knowledge. Hence the research hypothesis H3 was rejected at p≠¤0.05 level. Table – 4.8: Chi square test on the skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among Paramedical Students with their selected demographic variables. n=50 S.No Demographic variables à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 Df Table value 1 Age 0.27 2 5.99 2 Gender 0.63 1 3.84 3 Religion 1.04 3 7.82 4 Category of course 0.03 1 3.84 5 Previous knowledge 0.59 1 3.84 6 If yes how did you obtain information 1.18 3 7.82 *significant at p≠¤0.05 level The above table shows that there is no association between pretest score on skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students and their selected demographic variables such as Age, gender, religion, category of course of study, and previous knowledge. Hence the research hypothesis H3 was rejected at p≠¤0.05 level. Summary: This chapter deals with the data analysis and interpretation in the form of statistical values based on the objectives, frequency and percentage on the knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among paramedical students and their selected demographic variables analyzed. The‘t’ test is done to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among Paramedical Students. The chi-square analysis is used to find out the association between the pretest scores on knowledge and skill regarding successful ventilation with I-gel and Laryngeal Mask Airway among the Paramedical students and the selected demographic variables.

The Difficulty of Measuring the Cost of Living Essay -- Economics

The Difficulty of Measuring the Cost of Living Cost of living is designed to measure the costs of maintaining living standards of working- class households. It was first introduced in 1914. It is difficult to measure the cost of living because prices are constantly changing, meaning cost of products will change too. Prices will change for instance due to increases in costs or inflation, so if a can coke was $1 in 2000, due to an increase in wage demands, costs have increased and thus the selling price of coke has increased to $2 in 2001. This happens to many commodities in the market and as a result of that it is difficult to measure the price of products as that are constantly changing over a period of time. The quality of products also changes, however this will appear on the cost of living index. For instance computers, CD players, televisions are of better quality now than they were before and that is why their prices have increased. However only the price of the product will be mentioned in the index, not the fact that its quality has been improved. Their design and performance also changes. So a price change will accompany the introduction of a new model or an improved design. Therefore it is difficult to assess the real nature of the price change. An example is the price if BMW cars has increased by 10 percent, but the quality, performance and design of the new model is much better and superior to that of the older model, has the exchange value increased or decreased? Tax also affects the cost of living because; changes in indirect taxes will affect te goods and services we purchase. Taxes will either increase or decrease due to the fluctuating inflation rate. Changes in the indirect tax... ...uct. This is known as the need for change and it's a psychological aspect more consumers go through. Also new products are invented, consumers get curious and want to try them out and this leads to changes in tastes and fashion. This causes a problem with weighting. Therefore measuring the cost of living is very difficult, because prices change, quality changes, and consumer's tastes and fashion change. Also this is the generation of technology meaning new inventions are being developed faster than any of us can imagine, meaning the cost and living index needs to be updated regularly and meaning it is not very accurate. Also there are millions of people in each country, how can you possibly know what is the average spending habit? To assume there is one, you must neglect people who don't fit that criteria meaning, the cost of living guide is inaccurate.

Influence of George Berkeley :: This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison Philosopher Essays

The Influence of George Berkeley George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Irish clergyman and philosopher who studied and taught at Trinity College in Ireland, where he completed some of his best known works on the immateriality of matter (believing that all matter was composed of ideas of perception and therefore did not exist if it was not being perceived). Coleridge himself acknowledge the influence of Berkeley on his work, in particular his poem â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison† when he wrote a letter to Robert Southey in July 1797, in which the poem was included, with the following note, â€Å"You remember, I am a Berkleian.† We can see the influence of Berkeleyin â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison† in three main ways: perceptions of light, the idea of a divine spirit in everything yet still separate and itself, and the idea that there are as many â€Å"minima visibilia† in an enclosed space as out in the wide-open spaces. According to Stephen Prickett, one of the main ideas that Berkeley had hoped to prove was that all reality is mental, but the idea that truly came through in his works is that each person does not perceive object, but instead qualities (like color, form, sent, and sound), and each person perceives these qualities differently. Prickett goes further to claim that the effect of this idea on Coleridge â€Å"was to make him intensely conscious of light† (12). We can see this obsession with light and they way it plays on different object throughout â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison†: Pale beneath the blaze Hung the transparent foliage; and I watch’d Some broad and sunny leaf, and lov’d to see The shadow of the leaf and stem above Dappling its sunshine! And that walnut-tree Was richly ting’d, and a deep radiance lay Full on the ancient ivy, which usurps Those fronting elms, and now, with blackest mass Makes their dark branches gleam a lighter hue Through the late twilight†¦ Coleridge’s preoccupation with light and the way in which it changes the perception of the object is what links this passage with the ideas of Berkeley. Even though Coleridge and many other Romantics (such as Wordsworth) used the came to different conclusions about perception than Berkeley, his theories about light â€Å"pointed to the why in which such phenomena of light as the rainbow could be used as a scientific model for the imagination as a perceptual relationship between man and nature† (Prickett 13).

The Big Sleep: Analytically Breakdown

The Big Sleep: Analytical breakdown The big sleep represents our class’s first exploration into what is known as â€Å"Hardboiled† fiction. The advent of Hardboiled literature means an escape from classic detective novels where all we find are ingenious investigators and mind numbing puzzles designed to impress and surprise us. In such novels, the protagonist is often observed from a third person point of view; where insight into the (genius) mind of the protagonist isn’t revealed till the end of the novel.Instead, hardboiled literature takes us on a more realistic route; solving crimes in first person with brute force investigators, rather than â€Å"Sherlock Holmes† like characters. Detective Philip Marlowe of The Big Sleep is an example of such a character. Clever, but no Sherlock Holmes; Marlowe takes on cases with good old fashion leg work and tenacity. Such is the way things are done in the real world, where all Hardboiled novels take place. The Big Sleep is no exception. A common theme often portrayed in Hardboiled novels is that of corruption.This corruption is often seen through the eyes of the protagonist, who is usually cynical and jaded because of which. The real world in The Big Sleep is a post WW1 Los Angeles, right around the time of the great depression. The effects of this time in history are clearly illustrated in many of characters represented in The Big Sleep. Here we have a world of money hungry people, who will do anything to escape such realities. This is how corruption starts. Everyone is dirty; politicians’ takes bribes, police can be bought and newspapers lie.People no longer have faith in promising futures, so they do what they have do to survive. In this sort of world, characters like Philip Marlowe are rare. At 25$ a day, Marlowe works for cheap, proving that he is above the common desire of wealth. Marlowe is depicted as man full of integrity and honor, and works simply because he feels it’ s the right thing to do. However, such a job requires him to delve into the all too real word, and so corruption is no stranger to him. Because of this, Marlowe is often jaded towards those he meets, and tends to expect the worst of people.However, this doesn’t stop him from doing what he feels is right, even if he feels that those he helps don’t deserve it. The plot of The Big Sleep revolves around a family that has become rich due an advantageous connection with oil. Marlowe is hired by General Sternwood, a bed ridden oil baron, who although is not free from corruption, has some honest qualities. The general tasks Marlowe with the task of discovering the whereabouts of Terrance Reagan, husband of the Generals daughter, Vivian Reagan. Here is where we find another common theme in Hardboiled novels, that is, the depiction of the rich.While most of America at the time is suffering due to the depression, some, such as the Sternwoods, are doing very well. However, we come to find that they too are suffering. Not physically, of course, but psychologically. It is not uncommon for Hardboiled novels to depict the rich as spoiled and often morally absent. Carmen Sternwood, for example, has grown up having everything she could possibly want, yet this leads her to becoming prone to drinking, drugs, and sexual behavior. Since their money was not earned, the Generals Daughters do not have the same respect for money as their father who earned does.Hence, they are prone to wasting their money on trivial pursuits and negative outlets. Instant gratification is their main concern. The juxtaposition of the rich is best displayed with the imagery of the old and dirty abandoned oil pumps that made the General rich in the first place. Although the exterior display of the rich is that of cleanliness (clean house, cars, clothes, etc†¦), their truer and deeper nature is closer to that of the oil fields, dirty and desolate. It is ironic that the General, owner of th e money and the closest in the family to any form of morality, is bed ridden an unable to utilize his fortune.Again, emphasizing the unworthiness of the rich. Despite the unworthiness of the rich, Detective Marlowe still agrees to help them. Although they may be unworthy of recusing, Marlowe still feels the need to rescue them, and in that way Marlowe is somewhat of a â€Å"Shinning Knight† archetype. This is hinted towards the beginning of the novel when Marlowe stares in the stain glass window which shows a knight rescuing a lady. In a way, Marlowe is tasked with saving them from the external corruption (The blackmail of Eddie Mars) of the world and the internal corruption the daughters grew up with.Marlowe maintains his knight hood by always taking the high road, and refusing to give into the seductive and nymphomanic behavior of Carman, who is constantly throwing herself at him. Detective Marlowe is very successful because of his â€Å"Knights Code†, and will even continue towards the truth even when he is not being paid. Marlowe’s tenacity for the truth takes him deeper and deeper into the dirty underworld of Los Angeles where he finds all different sorts of scum. Here we find two types of Criminal, the petty and the big time. The petty criminal is Joe Brody. Joe represents a causality of society.He isn’t one to go around killing people, in fact if things were better in the world he might have made an honest man of himself. Brody is no crime lord; he can barely feed himself; as he puts it â€Å"I’ve been shaking  two nickels  together for a month, trying to get  them  to  mate. † Eddie Mars, however, is a different man entirely. Eddie is at the top, the summation of corruption, and the direct opposite of everything that Marlow represents. As Marlowe puts it, â€Å"You think he's just a gambler. I think he's a pornographer, a blackmailer, a hot car broker, a killer by remote control, and a suborner of cr ooked cops.He's whatever looks good to him†¦he never killed anybody, he just hires it done. † A character like Joe Brody represents what happens to good people under bad influences, whereas Eddie represents the bad influence itself. One way Hardboiled novels communicate to the reader is through use of the weather and setting. In movies, it is often the music that adds dramatic flair, but in books, authors must rely on visual imagery. In The Big Sleep, for example, thunder and rain is mentioned before many of the major plot happenings.The darkness of rainclouds and cold of rain is symbolic of what Marlowe is going though as he treads through the underworld of LA, search for the truth. If you really pay attention, you might notice that pleasant weather is also used for the plot, a symbol that worst of things are over or at least getting better. Although the Major themes of this book are that of corruption and cynicism, there are also good vs. evil themes. A way of saying th at no matter how bad things are there is always hope in the form of characters like Philip Marlowe.There are people out there are willing to do what is right despite the consequences these action might inflict upon themselves. We call these types of people heroes, and I believe it is important for people like Raymond Chandler to write about characters like Detective Marlowe, especially considering the era that he wrote it in. When the world around you is dark, depressive, and inhospitable, it is important to have something or someone to idolize. Characters like Philip Marlowe help support the idea that you can still succeed with an honest heart.

Endosymbiotic Theory Essay

The endosymbiotic theory explains the evolution of the eukaryotic cell and eukaryotic organelles by phagocytocis of small prokaryotic cells. This theory states that some of the organelles in today’s eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic bacteria. In this theory, the first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba-like nucleated (probably DNA in a nucleoid region not an actual nucleus) prokaryotic cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis (engulfing nutrients or other cells) Some of these unicellular amoeba-like organisms engulfed prokaryotic cells that somehow were not digested within the organism. In the process of being engulfed the smaller cells would have been wrapped in membrane from the larger cell, today we see double membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.  The symbiotic relationship was beneficial because the host cell would have provided essential nutrients to the engulfed prokaryotic cell in exchange the smaller prokaryotic cell used these nutrients to synthesize ATP molecules, this ATP was used as an energy source by the host cell. The smaller prokaryotic cell was given a safe environment as well as receiving nutrients from the larger host cell. The small prokaryotic cell developed a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with the host cell. This smaller prokaryotic cell would eventually become mitochondria or chloroplasts. Mitochondria would have been formed when bacteria capable of aerobic respiration were ingested by a much larger cell. Chloroplasts formed when photosynthetic bacteria were ingested. They eventually lost their cell wall and much of their DNA because they were not of benefit within the host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts cannot grow outside their host cell in normal conditions because they now depend on the cell for protection and nutrients. The reason we do not see this type of symbiotic relationship today is because conditions are much different now then they were on earth millions of years ago when this symbiotic event first took place. Scientists can support the endosymbiotic hypothesis because the characteristics of energy organelles are so similar to those of prokaryotes. Energy organelles have their own set of genetic information it is not found  enclosed in a nucleus but a circular ring in a nucleoid region just like prokaryotic DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes this would imply that at one time energy organelles were able be self sufficient. Both organelles have a double membrane, a remnant of ancient endosymbiotic event. Also when a cell divides by mitosis the energy organelles replicate the same way as do prokaryotic bacteria, by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells. The DNA of these energy organelles is different from the DNA found in the cells nucleus. There is some evidence of bacterial DNA in these energy organelles that suggests that long ago they were once prokaryotic cells. Biology, Neil A. Campbell & Jane B. ReeceBenjamin Cummings; 7th Edition, 2006Investigating Biology, Neil A Campbell & Jane B.ReeceBenjamin Cummings; 6th Edition 2007

Analyse the Role and Use of Initial and Diagnostic Assessment in Agreeing Individual Learning Goals

Initial AssessmentAll learners are entitled to undergo a period of initial assessment. Initial assessment is the process of identifying an individual’s learning and support needs to enable the design of an individual learning plan which will provide the structure for their learning. In other words, it determines the learner’s starting point for their learning programme.Learning need are the skills, knowledge and competence which a learner needs to acquire during the course of their learning programme. Support needs are the additional help that a learner requires to enable; them to address barriers which may otherwise prevent them from fulfilling their learning programme. Initial assessment is a critical process because it represents the first stage in the learning cycle. Failure to accurately identify an individual’s learning needs may result in a learning plan and a learning programme, which does not address learning needs. The subsequent evaluation of learning and training is unlikely therefore to show any benefit to the learner. Initial assessment commences at point of entry, from the contact with the prospective leaner and continues until the point that of the individual learning plan is completed. Further learning and support needs will inevitably be identified through the review process and should be reflected in updates to individual learning plans. Initial assessment should take place over a number of days or weeks. It should not be confined to one session. The result from the initial would indicate what level of Maths and English the learner is working towards in which they are be enrolled on.DiagnosticOnce a learner has completed the initial assessment their level has been set. They will then continue to complete a diagnostic. A distinct form of measurement. Its purpose is to ascertain, prior to instruction, each student’s strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills. Establishing these permits the instructor to remediate students and adjust the curriculum to meet each learner’s unique needs. Therefore, gives a more detail breakdown of what the learner would need to improve on to enable them to achieve the current level set. The student should complete a brief essay explaining why it is important to identify and meet the individual needs of learners and how to use initial and diagnostic assessment in agreeing individual learning goals. (350 words minimum).

Legal Monopolies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Monopolies - Essay Example The USPS enjoys certain exclusive rights in the regulation of its services, most of which have been placed to discourage potential competition like the private mailboxes. Further, the agency is exempted from any tax cuts, implying that innocent citizens through its lines of credit shoulder most of its operations. With the existence of the monopoly status, however, the citizens have enjoyed exclusive services, which are reliable and serve the whole country without discrimination or regional imbalance. With the backing of the state resources, the USPS continues to serve the American population through the delivery of mails in convenient ways and at affordable prices to the average citizens. However, a closer analysis reveals the incompetent nature accompanying legal monopolies, mainly owing to the low quality services that are associated with their activities. Critics have argued that the privatization of the institution would ensure that it provides better services to the citizens, an d that it increases its efficiency. Indeed, there should be regulations to control the boundary of activities for the legal monopoly as the first step towards transparency and resolution of problems that have continued to face existing monopolies. An analysis of the mail market reveals that the lack of competition has contributed to the deteriorating nature in the quality of services provided. (Feulner) contends that,† Competition would bring down prices, and the post office would have to become more responsive to customers if it wanted to survive†.

Public Governance in the Modern Day Era Assignment

Public Governance in the Modern Day Era - Assignment Example Most of the writers are of America origin, however, research work has also been done in other parts of the world also. This column indicates that most of the scholarship on the subject took place in the domain of sociology. Most of the authors were sociologists who attempted to discuss as to how technology can actually help to achieve more benefits for the people and citizens. The overall emphasis of the sociologists has been on determining how actually people’s problems can be overcome with the help of technology. Authors on the subject of business have mainly focused upon the connection between how private sector organizations can actually take benefit from the implementation of technology at public management institutions. The overall focus is on mimicking the strategic innovation achieved by public management institutions which have been achieved through technology. Most of the articles under review have considered public sector organizations as their unit of analysis. More focus has been on the interaction of technology with the public sector organizations. Most importantly, the units under analysis were public sector universities and educational institutions involved in departing education facilities. Research has also focused upon Police Departments wherein authors have focused upon how by integrating modern technology can improve the modern policing methods. Research has also focused on schools wherein the effective integration of technology with the learning aids can actually help children to learn quickly and under better learning environment. Most of the research conducted has been done through survey methodology wherein researchers attempted to review and survey the existing literature and practices in order to outline how the integration of technology is taking place with that of the public organizations.  

The Controversy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Controversy Analysis - Essay Example When this got to the department of criminal justice, they complied and eliminated to provision of last meal in Texas. By examining some of the various article about the matter, I will discuss what various individuals think about the last meal and the strategies writers have used to strengthen their argument on the subject such as foreshadowing, pathos and logos. In Molly Hennessey’s article, it is evident that the writer wishes to appeal to the readers’ emotion and outrage by describing in vivid detail the quality and quantity of food that was requested by the prisoner as his last meal. The menu which has been described in other quarters as having been enough to feed a family reads like something out of a fives star hotel rather than the content of prison kitchen (Johnson). â€Å"two chicken-fried steaks with gravy and sliced onions; a triple-patty bacon cheeseburger; a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and jalapeà ±os; a bowl of fried okra with ketchup; one pound of barbecued meat with half a loaf of white bread; three fajitas; a meat-lover’s pizza; one pint of Blue Bell Ice Cream; a slab of peanut-butter fudge with crushed peanuts; and three root beers (Johnson). The first thought that comes to one’s mind is how much did it cost to make that much, and that good food? In addition, why would they make so much food simply because a condemned man requested when it is illogical that even he could not have eaten even a quarter of it? The description easily appeals to the reader’s pathos and likely makes them feel a sense of outrage even before they have read the essay. Furthermore, the writer has foreshadowed a scenario where the prisoner either did not finish or refused to eat the food creating anticipation of more conflict. However, this was not the first application of pathos, from a logical point of view, it would be unfair to blame the prisoner solely for what happened

Ethics Programme business law class Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Programme business law class - Assignment Example Strategic operations in an organisation that are premised on lies are bound to fail as they would be doubtful in the eyes of the potential customers. In this case it can be noted that Google has a code of ethics which guides its operations as going to be discussed below. For instance, it is guided by the motto: â€Å"Don’t be evil.† The most important issues addressed include the need for integrity, respect for each other, confidentiality as well avoiding conflicts. Google strives to create a good reputation so as to ensure that the customers have trust in them. Trust is the guiding principle in the operations of Google. The other most important factor is respect for each other so as to avoid conflicts at the work place. Confidentiality is very important as far as reputation of the organisation is concerned. There is need to ensure that privacy is respected which is very important in the code of ethics for Google. The Board of directors is on the top position in the organisation and is responsible for enacting the ethical code of conduct. The board communicates with the management about the ethical conduct that ought to be followed. The management is in direct conduct with the workers and these in turn also communicate with them the expected code of conduct to be followed. Google has an open communication system but as far a communication of ethics is concerned, it follows a descending order from top to bottom. The board as noted already has the overall authority to administer the code of ethics in the organisation. The management is used to enforce the code of ethics since they are the ones who closely work with the workers hence it becomes easy to enforce the code. The first scenario in which the code of ethics can be applied involve dismissal of employees who fail to observe the privacy policy of the organisation. Drunkenness at work or any other kind of misbehaviour is not

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Research Methods - Essay Example This would enable profiling the stress factor among the various groups. Since the impact of stress levels on family life and health is being studied, the employees with more than 3 years of work experience would ideally be considered for the interview. Those from both government and private organizations will be included in the interviews. This makes the sample representative (Ejaz et al., 2008). Since the respondents are busy, they would be approached after the office hours and their appointment would be obtained keeping their convenience in mind (The Wallace Foundation Knowledge Center, 2013). An orientation regarding the subject, time requirements and general outline of the questions will also be given to the respondent, prior to getting their consent for the interview. This drives away the fear of unknown from the respondent and also helps in establishing a rapport with the interviewee (Megafon, 2013). The purpose and idea will be explained and confidentiality of data would be assured to them. This step would ensure honesty of responses. Their permission would be sought to record the interview (Crawford, 1997). The topic of study is sensitive. So, the respondents will be interviewed individually, outside their office premises. 5. Have you ever experienced any of these problems recently: memory problems, anxiety, inability to concentrate, loneliness, depression, dizziness, mood swings, short-temper, insomnia, lack of interest in food, overeating, unexplained aches and pains? The Wallace Foundation- Knowledge Center (2013). In-depth Interviews. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/after-school/collecting-and-using-data/Documents/Workbook-E-Indepth-Interviews.pdf. [Last Accessed 26 February

Compared....Locke and Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Compared.Locke and Hobbes Essay Locke and Hobbes were both social contract theorists, and both natural law theorists (Natural law in the sense of Saint Thomas Aquinas, not Natural law in the sense of Newton), but there the resemblance ends. All other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal. Hobbes assumed otherwise, thus his conclusions are strikingly different from those of other natural law theorists. In addition to his unconventional conclusions about natural law, Hobbes was fairly infamous for producing numerous similarly unconventional results in physics and mathematics. The leading English mathematician of that era, in the pages of the Proceedings of the Royal Academy, called Hobbes a lunatic for his claim to have squared the circle. The Grolier encyclopedia contrasts Locke and Hobbes as follows: Locke’s considerable importance in political thought is better known. As the first systematic theorist of the philosophy of liberalism, Locke exercised enormous influence in both England and America. In his Two Treatises of Government (1690), Locke set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right—and sometimes the duty—to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke opposed Thomas Hobbes’s view that the original state of nature was â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short,† and that individuals through a social contract surrendered—for the sake of self-preservation—their rights [ ] Locke addressed Hobbes’s claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to â€Å"some men† not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action to themselves punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature. Second treatise, Section 14 It is often asked as a mighty objection, where are, or ever were, there any men in such a state of Nature? To which it may suffice as an answer at present, that since all princes and rulers of â€Å"independent† governments all through the world are in a state of Nature, it is plain the world never was, nor never will be, without numbers of men in that state. I have named all governors of â€Å"independent† communities, whether they are, or are not, in league with others; for it is not every compact that puts an end to the state of Nature between men, but only this one of agreeing together mutually to enter into one community, and make one body politic; other promises and compacts men may make one with another, and yet still be in the state of Nature. The promises and bargains for truck, etc., between the two men in Soldania, in or between a Swiss and an Indian, in the woods of America, are binding to them, though they are perfectly in a state of Nature in reference to one another for truth, and keeping of faith belongs to men as men, and not as members of society. Second treatise, Section 17, 18, 19 And hence it is that he who attempts to get another man into his absolute power does thereby put himself into a state of war with him; it being to be understood as a declaration of a design upon his life. For I have reason to conclude that he who would get me into his power without my consent would use me as he pleased when he had got me there, and destroy me too when he had a fancy to it; for nobody can desire to have me in his absolute power unless it be to compel me by force to that which is against the right of my freedom- i. e. make me a slave. To be free from such force is the only security of my preservation, and reason bids me look on him as an enemy to my preservation who would take away that freedom which is the fence to it; so that he who makes an attempt to enslave me thereby puts himself into a state of war with me. He that in the state of Nature would take away the freedom that belongs to any one in that state must necessarily be supposed to have a design to take away everything else, that freedom being the foundation of all the rest; as he that in the state of society would take away the freedom belonging to those of that society or commonwealth must be supposed to design to take away from them everything else, and so be looked on as in a state of war. This makes it lawful for a man to kill a thief who has not in the least hurt him, nor declared any design upon his life, any farther than by the use of force, so to get him in his power as to take away his money, or what he pleases, from him; because using force, where he has no right to get me into his power, let his pretense be what it will, I have no reason to suppose that he who would take away my liberty would not, when he had me in his power, take away everything else. And, therefore, it is lawful for me to treat him as one who has put himself into a state of war with me- i. e. , kill him if I can; for to that hazard does he justly expose himself whoever introduces a state of war, and is aggressor in it. And here we have the plain difference between the state of Nature and the state of war, which however some men have confounded, are as far distant as a state of peace, goodwill, mutual assistance, and preservation; and a state of enmity, malice, violence and mutual destruction are one from another. Men living together according to reason without a common superior on earth, with authority to judge between them, is properly the state of Nature. But force, or a declared design of force upon the person of another, where there is no common superior on earth to appeal to for relief, is the state of war; and it is the want of such an appeal gives a man the right of war even against an aggressor, though he be in society and a fellow-subject. Thus, a thief whom I cannot harm, but by appeal to the law, for having stolen all that I am worth, I may kill when he sets on me to rob me but of my horse or coat, because the law, which was made for my preservation, where it cannot interpose to secure my life from present force, which if lost is capable of no reparation, permits me my own defense and the right of war, a liberty to kill the aggressor, because the aggressor allows not time to appeal to our common judge, nor the decision of the law, for remedy in a case where the mischief may be irreparable. Want of a common judge with authority puts all men in a state of Nature; force without right upon a manSRC=s person makes a state of war both where there is, and is not, a common judge. Hobbes, on the contrary, asserts that without subjection to a common power, men are necessarily at war: Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called Warre; and such a warre, as is of every man, against every man. In on this issue, and also on the meaning of civil society, Hobbes’s position is the same as the fascist position: Peace is actually war in disguise. This is why Hobbes argued that corporations should be suppressed and replaced by the direct exercise of state power. This is why Hitler thought that declaring war on America was merely a meaningless trivial symbol. It was not merely a symbol. Peace is not merely maneuvering preparatory to predatory attack. Unlike the communists and the fascists Hobbes had no specific concrete plan for suppressing competition and the pursuit of conflicting goals, and he might well have disapproved of the details of the fascists plans, but he clearly regarded their objectives as a desirable and popular part of any good state. Locke was the seventeenth century precursor of classic liberalism, and Hobbes was the seventeenth century precursor of modern totalitarianism, particularly fascism. Hobbes argued that what we today call civil society should exist only by the power of the state, and to the extent that it existed independent of the state, for example private associations, corporations, and political discussion, it should be suppressed. This measure is the distinctive characteristic of modern totalitarianism, both communist and fascist, though Hobbes’s reasoning in favor of this measure is fascist, rather than communist. Chapter 29 of Hobbes’s Leviathan: For men, as they become at last weary of irregular jostling and hewing one another, and desire with all their hearts to conform themselves into one firm and lasting edifice [ ] I observe the diseases of a Commonwealth that proceed from the poison of seditious doctrines, whereof one is that every private man is judge of good and evil actions. [ ] Another infirmity of a Commonwealth is the immoderate greatness of a town, when it is able to furnish out of its own circuit the number and expense of a great army; as also the great number of corporations, which are as it were many lesser Commonwealths in the bowels of a greater, like worms in the entrails of a natural man. To may be added, liberty of disputing against absolute power by pretenders to political prudence; which though bred for the most part in the lees of the people, yet animated by false doctrines are perpetually meddling with the fundamental laws, to the molestation of the Commonwealth, like the little worms which physicians call ascarides. Hobbes’s theory has far more in common with fascism, than it does with Locke’s theory. To say that they were both social contract theorists is like saying that Adam Smith believed in the labor theory of value and Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value, therefor Smith was a Marxist or Marx was a Smithian. Locke’s social contract had as much in common with Hobbes’s social contract as Ricardo’s labor theory of value had with Marx’s labor theory of value. Fascism is largely corporatism, indeed many fascists argued that fascism simply was corporatism, that race theory was irrelevant. Certainly Mussolini and Franco held this view. Corporatism derives from â€Å"one body† (corpora=body), not from corporation. Same metaphor as Hobbes’s Leviathan, and the cover of Hobbes’s book, and, in the case of fascism, the same rationale. The race, the nation, the folk, or whatever, are to be welded into a single entity, by the application of whatever force necessary Hobbes favored unlimited power for the state, and he favored it for the purpose of ending all conflict and contention. He saw all non-state society as simply bad happenings that should be suppressed. If people go about their material lives freely they will come in conflict, and Hobbes regards it as the duty of the state to prevent such conflict. Locke argues that government is legitimate, but only legitimate in so far as it acts within the limits of this implied contract. Like any unwritten contract, it is not at all clear just what precisely the limits of Locke’s contract are, and Locke clearly considered that his contract could stretch a long way, but is equally clear that modern twentieth century governments are substantially breaking it, for the majority of disputes that an ordinary citizen finds himself involved in are disputes with the state, and in these disputes, for example with the IRS, the state acts as judge in its own cause, a clear violation of the Lockean contract. A state cannot be as large and intrusive as modern states are without finding it necessary to substantially violate Locke’s implied contract in many ways. Locke’s contract was for a judge. Hobbes’s contract was for a master. While in some situations the distinction between these two roles may be fuzzy, it is clear that vast majority of people today encounter the state in the role of master, rather than judge, thus the modern state is far more Hobbesian than Lockean, though it is still very far from the absolutist government that Hobbes commended. .