Racial Inequality in America in 1998

Racial Inequality in America in 1998 Racial imbalance in the United States is as yet an argumentative issue. The segment populace of the US might be a potential clarification for this social sick in light of the fact that as pundit Ben Wattenberg implores, the United States has become the â€Å"world’s first global society† (Lee, 2012, p. 2).Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Racial Inequality in America in 1998 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, most countries over the world admire the United States in stunningness of its movement status taking into account the pertinent laws and approaches. The US has serenely figured out how to oblige all races from Blacks to White to Asians and Hispanics inside its outskirts. Nonetheless, racial disparity remains the best powerlessness endured by the United States’ vote based system. Regardless of being the orchestrator of the Universal Bill of Rights, the US experiences gravely a fundamental malignant growth of racial imparity. This perniciousness goes back to the times of subjugation, during which the job of the US can't be thought little of as it had the biggest number of slaves inside a restricted geological area (the South). In addition, much after the boycott of servitude in the US, it was notoriuious for proceeded with encroachment of human rights by segregation significantly after the abolishment of subjection after the Civil War (Vorenberg, 2001, p.104). By the by, since the 1960s, the United States has made some amazing progress in the abolishment of separation and inclination dependent on assorted varieties. There have been three key enactments, viz. The Omnibus Civil Rights Act of 1964, The Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Free Housing Act of 1968 that aided the battle against racial iniquality by enacting the ideal socio-political, monetary, and social result of a free United States. After the Civil War, Americans were under the feeling that the social ills prompting the common struggle that finished in the war would reach a quick conclusion. In any case, the continuation of these social monstrosities until as late as 1998 was evidence that it would take something beyond a couple of new laws and announcement to free individuals of the racial inclination that had been so profoundly dug in their psyches and lives. The historical backdrop of bondage goes back to the mid seventeenth Century when a Dutch boat showed up in the New World stacked with African slaves (Buell, 2004). At a certain point, there was a serious lack of work to run the manors and these human machines were seen as the main way out. They were solid, versatile, and unmistakably worked for hard work and unforgiving day to day environments, which fit their maters’ needs. Subsequently, slave exchange before long turned into a rewarding business and boats kept on showing up with multitudes of Africans who from the start had been auctions off by their own networks into bondage as unt ouchables, yet as the interest developed, the slave vendors started to capture slaves for trade.Advertising Looking for research project on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This continued for over three centuries thus when servitude was being annulled in the mid twentieth century, whites had gotten acclimated with rewarding African Americans with scorn. There was a period in history when it was not possible that an African could peruse. The white experts didn't accept that slaves had the insight to get a handle on any information. With this sort of foundation, it is in truth praiseworthy that the world has made significant progress as to acknowledge individuals of color in practically equivalent standing. In The United States, Blacks are really positioning above Hispanics and a few Asians regarding improvement (Sowell, 2013). Be that as it may, the issue of racial imbalance despite everything endures and strategy c reators are coming up short on thoughts on what laws to introduce to dispose of racial disparity once and for all. Notwithstanding, if history is a pointer, enactment alone will not take care of this issue. Following the Civil War, strategy producers concocted the Omnibus Civil Rights Act, of 1964. This Act is the mother of all antidiscrimination enactments and it secured racial, ethnic, and even sexual segregation (Lee, 2012). Title VIII is an addendum to the Act and it handles segregation at the work environment, strict separation, and inappropriate behavior at the working environment. It likewise made isolation illicit and enabled the Attorney General to initiate suits against establishments and offices, for example, schools and managers who oppressed their understudies and workers individually, in light of race among different factors. The subsequent Act was the Voting Rights Act 1965. This Act built up government guideline over issues that were up to this point saved for state and nearby locale just, for example, policy driven issues to do with casting a ballot and minorities’ rights. In 2006 when it was most as of late altered, the Republicans in the House tried to revoke the government oversight limit of the Judicial Department without much of any result. The third Act was the Federal Housing Act of 1968 â€Å"that denied racial segregation in the deal and leasing of housing† (Bonilla-Silva, 2006, p.94). It covers all houses including those that are independently claimed and involved. Sadly, these enactments didn't effectively take out racial imbalance on the grounds that in spite of the fact that the law required consistence in certain institutional settings, it couldn't go about as a guard dog in each social part of bigotry. For example, it couldn't forestall bigot remarks between singular residents. This inadequacy in the law’s ability to address the issue of racial imbalance satisfactorily finished in a few occasions of abhor wr ongdoings that were unfortunate infringement of human rights strategies and on account of James Byrd Jr., it cost his life (Petersen, 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Racial Inequality in America in 1998 explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 1998, at Jasper County in Texas, three white men, viz. Lawrence Russell Brewer, John William King, Shawn Berry executed James Byrd in a stunning demonstration that was depicted by one examiner as psychopathic prejudice. These three men were out on a drinking binge when they saw a dark James Byrd strolling down the road. They offered him a ride and a lager at that point started to deride him with supremacist estimations (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2005). From the outset, he overlooked the thorns, yet in the end a battle followed, which finished in his throat being cut, dark paint being spread all over lastly, being fastened by his feet to the rear of their truck and hauled for three or so miles until he passed on in the wake of getting executed. Before long subsequently, examinations started and since it was such a deplorable demonstration of racial savagery, the Federal Bureau of Investigations coupled up with the Justice Department and the state to stub the culprits. In the long run, the three men were captured, indicted, and the jury saw them as liable of homicide (Welch, 2007). Ruler and Brewer were given capital punishment as the jury decided consistently that they ought to be executed, while Berry found a hobby sentence. One of the inquiries posed of the jury in such examples is whether it accepts that the culprit will execute again if not kill first. Racial imbalance keeps on being a petulant issue in the US majority rules system and measurements show a predictable example since from as ahead of schedule as 1968 state-of-the-art. On the off chance that a chain of command were to be applied, whites would be on top, trailed by blacks in certain cases, and dif ferent races individually. Worryingly, the more up to date races in the US economy are as of now outperforming or taking steps to outperform the African American populace in issues of neediness and business (Lee, 2012, p. 7). Be that as it may, the arrangement maybe lies in training as instructed people, regardless of race, appear to live in a decent norm, yet this is likewise not an idiot proof cure on the grounds that there is as yet a hole between similarly taught partners among the races. Subsequently, additional time is required for additional unification of races notwithstanding all the preventive enactments and approaches planned for killing racial disparity just as training. As time slips, people’s perspectives appear to improve by relinquishing since quite a while ago held mannerisms. Reference List Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Bigotry without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Oxford, UK: Rowman Littlefield Publishers.Adv ertising Searching for research paper on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Buell, T. (2004). Subjection in America: A Primary Source History of the Intolerable Practice of Slavery. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group. Government Bureau of Investigation. (2005). Loathe Crime Statistics 2004. Web. Lee, C. (2012, May). Racial Inequality: Americas Achilles Heel-Full Chapter You areâ here Todays American: How Free? Web. Petersen, J. (2011). Murder, the Media, and the Politics of Public Feelings: Remembering Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Sowell, T. (2013). Savvy people and Race. New York, NY: Basic Books. Vorenberg, M. (2001). Last Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Welch, K. (2007). Dark Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling. Diary of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3), 276-288.

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Situation - Essay Example Their protest is that the cops normally capture them and leave the bastards who are for the most part with them. For this situation, the bastards are their clients who are men. It doesn't sound good to them, and the spectators that the police don't capture the men given that a portion of the men are hitched and hence leaves their spouses adversary the whores. One of the criminology hypothesis relevant to this situation is the sane decision hypothesis (Akers and Sellers, 2009). In this hypothesis, the suppositions that relate it to the social reason for wrongdoing is that of independence. The culprits take a gander at themselves as people, and they need to use their chance to boost their chances. The augmentation of individual open door is typically determined by the personal circumstance that people have. The motivation behind why this hypothesis is material in this situation is a result of the narrow minded nature of the whores who decides to go to the road to for the individual advantages of gaining cash from men without considering the way that a few men are hitched (Akers and Sellers, 2009). In the open viewpoint, the social wrongdoing submitted by the whore is a social gadget to the general public. It is a general public that advocate the correct social conduct that solitary wedded people ought to partake in the sexual action. The general public additionally advocates for the best possible utilization of sex that is for reproduction. This is most-empowered action for the sexual instrument. The whores utilize the sexual instrument as lucrative machine. They are likewise out there to tame some wedded men to be their clients. Since the general public has put a few rules about a family that expresses that the sexual fulfillment must be acquired from their lawfully hitched spouses, prostitution will in general decry this legitimateness (Akers and Sellers, 2009). The discipline that goes with this wrongdoing is normally short. This is on the grounds that the law guardians don't consider it to be a major wrongdoing that need long haul prison. This is on the grounds that the police for the most part attempt to upset them from

The Crusader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Crusader - Essay Example ians yet as the time passed, popes and Christian rulers utilized it for their own political benefit2 and this advantage depended on blood shedding of thousands of Christians and Muslims. Current investigation of campaigns is initiated by Erdmann’s work, Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens3 in the year 1935. As indicated by him campaigns were the result of the eleventh century. They were a methods for transmitting the dynamic military towards somewhere else. They can be viewed as results of the change development which were utilized to refine the congregation and the Christian culture overall. In Erdmann’s conclusion the clear point of the campaigns was Jerusalem. The salvage of the Holy City was the inspiration that made Pope call the First Crusade or it was by Erdmann’s see, in the guard of Eastern Christians. The real expressions of Urban II are as yet obscure however as indicated by Cowdrey, the pope was stressed over the sacred city for example Jerusalem and that was the point at which the principal campaign was conceived an offspring. There is little analysis got to Erdmann’s work yet Cowdrey scrutinized it. As he would see it, the campaigns are connected to the Cluniac reform4. George VII (1073-85), Victor III (1086-7) and Urban II (1088-99) are models in this specific circumstance. Antiquarians additionally accepted that the medieval men couldn't take up the strict words articulated by them. They accepted that the post Enlightenment period was brimming with individuals who discussed benefitting the world from now on however they were into benefitting the current world for themselves. The advanced examinations drove by Jonathan Riley Smith have demonstrated it to the world that the quantity of people who took part in the campaigns is bigger than known to history. The campaign armed force was a blend of rich, poor, holy people, heathens and every one of them had an inspiration to do as such. Pope Urban’s lecturing persuaded the individuals for the First Crusade which was fruitful for them also in light of the fact that the drive for it was â€Å"spiritual†5. Muslims were definitely not

Intercultural Communications assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Intercultural Communications - Assignment Example The Canadian culture is under individual culture. This is plainly observed when individuals meet just because, they generally need to realize what the individual does, their achievements, maverick culture, and where they live. These things become premise of characterizing an individual. In this nation there are additionally barely any family names and individuals are not frequently characterized by their family name yet by their achievements. Force separation hypothesis examinations the manner in which various societies manage disparities. This is the degree to which individuals from the minority bunch in a nation acknowledge and anticipate that there is inconsistent dissemination of intensity. Canadian culture is portrayed with a low force separation. This is obvious in working environments where each worker has equivalent rights. Organization representatives reserve the option to stand up on the off chance that they are not fulfills with the working conditions. This can be legitimately or through worker's organizations. Vulnerability evasion hypothesis investigations the degree to which individuals inside a culture feel that they are compromised by obscure circumstances. Canada culture is feeble in vulnerability for the most part as a result of the assorted variety among individuals. Individuals are increasingly loose in light of the fact that they regard each other’s social foundation. Ethiopia is a nation that has an assorted blend of etymological and ethnic foundation. This nation is evaluated to have in excess of 80 distinctive ethnic gatherings, each having its own way of life, language, custom, and convention (Teum Teklehaimanot, 2015). Ethiopia has an aggregate culture where relationship among individuals is stressed at a more prominent degree. Individuals are characterized by their family names and more distant families are the focal point of the country’s social framework. Family members from the two sides of the family and dear companions for the most part have a cozy relationship. Stop frequently when individuals wed, they live with their families so that there is a gathering to go to when need emerges. In Ethiopia, there is high force separation, which implies that individuals are relied upon to regard the individuals who are in power

HackMIT Coding over Cookies

HackMIT Coding over Cookies One week ago, an eclectic group of ambitious young men and women flocked to HackMIT to crowd themselves into a gym for 30 hours and makesomething. The hacking arena. The ingredients: ideas, sleeplessness, Red Bull, and a steady flow of snacks that ranged from burritos to late-night insomnia cookies to breakfast bagels with half-and-half milk. Toss in a hallway lined with air mattresses for catnappers, and throw in a bunch of toys: Oculus Rifts, Pebble watches, Google Glasses, Arduinos, breadboardsall sandboxes for building castles. Put them all together, slap on a deadline, and youve got yourself a hackathon. Insomnia Cookies: honestly some of the best cookies Ive ever had. Rocking the Oculus Rift. Hacking, as defined by Wikipedia: the act of engaging in activities (such as programming or other media) in a spirit of playfulness and exploration. Dont confuse it with chopping down trees, or serious coughing, or the illegal entry of computer systems. Hacking is no less than the building of the future. For one team, that future was one with a smart refrigerator mounted with an internal webcam that would detect, identify, and tag with an expiration date any food placed inside it. Another team was hard at work making a Grand Theft Auto-inspired game set in, well, any setting on Earth the player wanted, as long as it was on Google Maps. Yet another team was going to reinvent the breathalyzer. Are you going to need testers for that? joked another hacker on break from coding his Chrome extension that would allow users to copy-paste text directly from in-browser image files. That hacker, Kevin K. 17, ended up winning second place (and $2000) in the hackathon, beat out only by a hack that lets users draw on a 3-D digital whiteboard by moving a flashlight in front of a webcam. The second-place-winning project of HackMIT 2013, in the making. Iam not a hacker (yet). I went into the hackathon with a mild curiosity for this new phenomenon, armed with Rastaban (my camera) because the HackMIT organizers gave lucky me the opportunity to help photograph the event. I wandered out of the hackathon slightly dazed, very tired, and incredibly motivated to build the skills to become a hacker by next years HackMIT. New goal for myself: finish the current  Codecademy curriculum (and become fluent enough in those languages to build my own castles) by the end of summer 2014. More sights from the hackathon below. Enjoy! Yours, Allan Plexiglass windows function fairly well as whiteboards. Or should I say, clearboards? Even hackers need backrubs sometimes. Cookie distribution. Hacking under the HackMIT logo. HackMIT in a nutshell.

Dorothy Wordsworth Identity through Affiliation and the Gender Division of the British Romantic Period - Literature Essay Samples

Dorothy Wordsworth, poetess, diarist, and sister of William Wordsworth, a well-known Romantic author, was not recognized as a notable literary figure until well after her death in 1855. Despite her close connection with her brother, her strong friendship with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and her general involvement in the Romantic literary community, Wordsworth’s own writings were largely kept private with the exception of a few anonymous publications in 1815 in her brother’s collection of poetry, Poems. Even after the posthumous publication of her journals, The Alfoxden Journal and The Grasmere Journals, in 1897 and the even later publication of her poetry in 1987, her position as an author seems overshadowed by her brother’s prestige. Still, Wordsworth’s writing is deserving of some degree of reverence as it offers unique insight into the life and mind of a nineteenth century woman. Never intending for her journals to be published, the intimacy of Wordsworth ’s writing reveals small details about herself, her brother, and the time period that would have otherwise been lost to history. The small details contained in Wordsworth’s Alfoxden and Grasmere Journals expose larger truths about nineteenth century British society concerning gender, identity, and expression. Wordsworth focuses the larger part of her writing on recording small, seemingly insignificant details about weather, food, and foliage. Almost every entry in Wordsworth’s journals details the weather to some extent. Sometimes she tells about the weather with great specificity so that readers can easily visualize the environment that she describes, while other times she includes simple, brief descriptions of daily weather conditions in passing. Writing in her The Grasmere Journals on April 15, 1802, Wordsworth describes a storm in a short yet vivid manner. She writes, â€Å"It was a threatening, misty morning, but mild. [†¦] The bays were stormy, and we heard the waves at different distances, and in the middle of the water, like the sea. Rain came on† (409-410). Because she so consistently records the weather conditions in her writing, whether she directly addresses the weather conditions or gives a quick overview, it may be assumed that Wordsworth was connected wit h, or in some way moved by, the conditions of her environment. While these small details about such things as the weather seem trivial, it may be contended that these small details were integral parts of Wordsworth’s life. Anne Kostelanetz Mellor, author of Romanticism Gender, a book that examines the gender-based differences among writers of the British Romantic period, notes, â€Å"When we look at this female-authored literature, we find a focus on very different issues from those which concerned the canonical male Romantic poets† (2). Because men and women of nineteenth century Britain had such vastly different social and domestic roles, it makes sense that they would write about different subject matter. Further, because women were confined to the private sphere as men ruled the public sphere, these Romantic women focused their attention on what they were most familiar with: domestic affairs. It is likely that Wordsworth focuses on weather for two reasons. The first reason being the obvious Romantic convention of having a close connection with nature. This reason would account for the flowery presentations of weather conditions. The second reason may be that her daily work and wellbeing relied on the weather, and this would account for the seemingly meaningless inclusions of daily weather reports in her journals. Mellor points out the various domestic responsibilities held by Wordsworth: â€Å"Dorothy did the vegetable and flower gardening (sowing, weeding, harvesting, preserving), baking, laundry (washing, bleaching, drying, starching, ironing, folding), clothes-making and mending, shoemaking, housecleaning, wallpapering, whitewashing and wall painting, carpet binding, mattress making, carpentering and window glazing† (163). She likely focuses on the weather so consistently because it provided her food source, determined if she could wash and dry clothes, and more or less decided her daily activities. Jill Ehnnen, author of â€Å"Writing against, Writing through: Subjectivity, Vocation, and Authorship in the Work of Dorothy Wordsworth,† writes, â€Å"Dorothy’s non-narrative, detail-oriented journal is not evidence of inferior artistic vision and/or arrested development, but should instead be read as evidence of her radical departure from William’s view of the self and world† (75). In contrast to the writing of conventional masculine Romanticism, Wordsworth’s writing was focused on the subject matter which impacted her life. She was not, like many Romantic men, concerned with transcendence; instead, she wrote about what she knew. By comparing Wordsworth’s seemingly insignificant subject matter with the grand thoughts of spiritual transcendence that were often discussed by Romantic men, it becomes apparent that there was a divide between the two genders and their ways of life, thought, and identity. In addition to her overwhelming amount of domestic responsibilities that decided how she spent her days, Wordsworth also provided help with her brother’s writing. She was, without doubt, entirely devoted to William and his passions. Susan J. Wolfson, author of the article â€Å"William Dorothy Wordsworth: All in Each Other,† notes the significance of the work that Wordsworth did for her brother: She was the prized, constant interlocutor for his poetry, keeping journals that were resources of ideas, even phrasings for the poetry, conversing about the writing at hand, listening to it, editing it, and with other female hands, functioning as a ceaselessly transcribing and fair-copying (word-processors avant la lettre). Not just the spiritual superstructure but also the material infrastructure of William’s career requires acknowledgment. (213) Throughout her journals, the bond between the Wordsworth siblings becomes quite obvious. Bordering on infatuation, Wordsworth’s relationship with William seems to be of utmost importance to her. In fact, she declares in The Grasmere Journals that the reason she writes is because she wants to please William. On May 14th, 1800, she writes, â€Å"I resolved to write a journal of the time, [†¦] and I set about keeping my resolve, because I will not quarrel with myself, and because I shall give William pleasure by it when he comes home again† (406). It is apparent that Wordsworth’s own self-definition was tied to her brother. Because women existed in the private sphere, it was their duty to provide as much assistance as possible for men to be successful in the public sphere. It was William who would be the face of the family, so Wordsworth provided as much help as she could to contribute to his happiness and success. Wordsworth’s journals help showcase how she identified herself. It is clear through the subject matter of her writing that the smallest details of the day greatly impacted Wordsworth’s existence. As a woman of the nineteenth century, she was not permitted the same lifestyle as her brother and other Romantic men. Therefore, she did not identify or relate to the world in the same manner as these men did. Instead of philosophizing over the moon, Wordsworth writes about the practicalities of life that made her who she was. Regarding the form of self-definition that is found in Wordsworth’s journals, one which is exterior rather than interior, Mellor notes the commonality of this sense of self among nineteenth century women: The self that is written in Dorothy Wordsworth’s Journals is one embodied in a routine of physical labor, of the daily production of food and clothing and shelter. [†¦] It is a self that derives its sense of well-being from its continuing connections with those significant others she herself carved, in a ideogram of relatedness. [†¦] It is a self built, as were many other nineteenth century women’s selves, on a model of affiliation rather than a model of achievement. (166) Because of the confining nature of gender roles in nineteenth century Britain, many women were restricted by their roles in the private sphere, and this resulted in women basing their identities on their familial and communal relationships and their own domestic responsibilities. Wordsworth’s extreme devotion to her brother may be attributed to her desire to self-identify with his successes. Even after William’s marriage, Wordsworth devoted her life to his family, even assisting in raising his children. Her connection to William, nature, her work, her food, and other small details that made up her life are the things that she writes about because these are the things that make up her identity. Wordsworth’s journals, The Alfoxden Journal and The Grasmere Journals, demonstrate a gender division between writers of the British Romantic period. The subject matter of her journals may be perceived as being trivial, but when the gender roles of nineteenth century Britain are taken into consideration, the subject matter seems appropriate. Wordsworth identified her self in relation to her domestic responsibilities and her familial and communal ties. Her frequent journaling of the weather, food, William’s writing, and other observations about children and people living in the nineteenth century British countryside demonstrate the importance of these things to Wordsworth’s identity. Because men and women served such drastically different roles, it is only appropriate that their writing differs in terms of subject matter, identity, and expression thereof. Wordsworth’s journals illustrate these differences. Works Cited Ehnnen, Jill. Writing against, Writing through: Subjectivity, Vocation, and Authorship in the Work of Dorothy Wordsworth. South Atlantic Review, no. 1, 1999, p. 72. EBSCOhost, doi:10.2307/3201745. Mellor, Anne Kostelanetz. Romanticism Gender. Psychology Press, 1993. Wolfson, Susan J. William Dorothy Wordsworth: All in Each Other. Wordsworth Circle, vol. 46, no. 4, Sept. 2015, pp. 213-215. EBSCOhost, dsc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=lfhAN=112731549site=eds-livescope=site. Wordsworth, Dorothy. The Alfoxden Journal and The Grasmere Journals. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, edited by Stephen Greenblatt, 9th ed., vol. D, W.W. Norton, 2012, pp. 402-414

Siege of Detroit in the War of 1812

The Siege of Detroit took place August 15-16, 1812, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815) and was one of the opening actions of the conflict. Beginning in July 1812, Brigadier General William Hull conducted an abortive invasion of Canada before withdrawing back to his base at Fort Detroit. Lacking in confidence despite superior numbers, Hull was soon besieged by a smaller British and Native American force led by Major General Isaac Brock and Tecumseh. Through a mix of intimidation and deception, Brock and Tecumseh were able to compel Hulls surrender of over 2,000 men while only having two men wounded. A humiliating defeat for the Americans, Fort Detroit would remain in British hands for over a year. Background As war clouds began to gather in the early months of 1812, President James Madison was encouraged by several of his key advisors, including Secretary of War William Eustis, to begin making preparations to defend the northwest frontier. Overseen by the Governor of the Michigan Territory, William Hull, the region possessed few regular troops to defend against a British invasion or attacks by Native American tribes in the area. Taking action, Madison directed that an army be formed and that it move to reinforce the key outpost of Fort Detroit. Hull Takes Command Though he initially refused, Hull, a veteran of the American Revolution, was given command of this force with the rank of brigadier general. Traveling south, he arrived at Dayton, OH on May 25 to take command of three regiments of Ohio militia led by Colonels Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur, and James Findlay. Slowly moving north, they were joined by Lieutenant Colonel James Millers 4th US Infantry at Urbana, OH. Moving across Black Swamp, he received a letter from Eustis on June 26. Carried by a courier and dated June 18, it implored Hull to reach Detroit as war was imminent. A second letter from Eustis, also dated June 18, informed the American commander that war had been declared. Sent by regular mail, this letter did not reach Hull until July 2. Frustrated by his slow progress, Hull reached the mouth of the Maumee River on July 1. Eager to speed the advance, he hired the schooner Cuyahoga and embarked his dispatches, personal correspondence, medical supplies, and sick. Unfortunately for Hull, the British in Upper Canada were aware that a state of war existed. As a result, Cuyahoga was captured off Fort Malden by HMS General Hunter the next day as it attempted to enter the Detroit River. Siege of Detroit Conflict: War of 1812 (1812-1815)Dates: August 15-16, 1812Armies and CommandersUnited StatesBrigadier General William Hull582 regulars, 1,600 militiaBritain and Native AmericansMajor General Isaac BrockTecumseh330 regulars, 400 militia, 600 Native AmericansCasualtiesUnited States: 7 killed, 2,493 capturedBritain and Native Americans: 2 wounded The American Offensive Reaching Detroit on July 5, Hull was reinforced by around 140 Michigan militia bringing his total force to around 2,200 men. Though short on food, Hull was directed by Eustis to cross the river and move against Fort Malden and Amherstburg. Advancing on July 12, Hulls offensive was hampered by some of his militia who refused to serve outside of the United States. As a result, he halted on the east bank despite the fact that Colonel Henry Proctor, commanding at Fort Malden, had a garrison numbering only 300 regulars and 400 Native Americans. As Hull was taking tentative steps to invade Canada, a mixed force of Native Americans and Canadian fur traders surprised the American garrison at Fort Mackinac on July 17. Learning of this, Hull became increasing hesitant as he believed large numbers of Native American warriors would descend from the north. Though he had decided to attack Fort Malden on August 6, his resolve wavered and he ordered American forces back across the river two days later. He was further concerned about dwindling provisions as his supply lines south of Detroit were under attack by British and Native American forces. Major General Sir Isaac Brock. Photograph Source: Public Domain The British Respond While Hull spent the early days of August unsuccessfully attempting to re-open his supply lines, British reinforcements were reaching Fort Malden. Possessing naval control of Lake Erie, Major General Isaac Brock, the commander for Upper Canada, was able to shift troops west from the Niagara frontier. Arriving at Amherstburg on August 13, Brock met with the noted Shawnee leader Tecumseh and the two rapidly formed a strong rapport. Possessing around 730 regulars and militia as well as Tecumsehs 600 warriors, Brocks army remained smaller than his opponent. To offset this advantage, Brock combed through the captured documents and dispatches that had been taken aboard Cuyahoga as well as during engagements south of Detroit. Possessing a detailed understanding of the size and condition of Hulls army, Brock also learned that its morale was low and that Hull was deeply afraid of Native American attack. Playing on this fear, he drafted a letter requesting that no more Native Americans be sent to Amherstburg and stating that he had over 5,000 on hand. This letter was intentionally allowed to fall into American hands. Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Public Domain Deception Wins the Day Shortly thereafter, Brock sent Hull a letter demanding his surrender and stating: The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you the immediate surrender of Fort Detroit. It is far from my intention to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware, that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops, will be beyond control the moment the contest commences†¦ Continuing the series of deceptions, Brock ordered extra uniforms belonging to 41st Regiment to be given to the militia to make his force appear to have more regulars. Other ruses were conducted to deceive the Americans as to the actual size of the British army. Soldiers were instructed to light individual campfires and several marches were conducted to make British force appear larger. These efforts worked to undermine Hulls already weakening confidence. On August 15, Brock commenced a bombardment of Fort Detroit from batteries on the east bank of the river. The next day, Brock and Tecumseh crossed the river with the intention of blocking the American supply lines and laying siege to the fort. Brock was forced to change these plans immediately as Hull had dispatched MacArthur and Cass with 400 men to re-open communications to the south. Rather than be caught between this force and the fort, Brock moved to assault Fort Detroit from the west. As his men moved, Tecumseh repeatedly marched his warriors through a gap in the forest as they emitted loud war cries. This movement led the Americans to believe that the number of warriors present was much higher than in actuality. As the British approached, a ball from one of the batteries hit the officers mess in Fort Detroit inflicting casualties. Already badly unnerved by the situation and fearing a massacre at the hands of Tecumsehs men, Hull broke, and against the wishes of his officers, ordered a white flag hoisted and began surrender negotiations. Aftermath In the Siege of Detroit, Hull lost seven killed and 2,493 captured. In capitulating, he also surrendered MacArthur and Cass men as well as an approaching supply train. While the militia were paroled and permitted to depart, the American regulars were taken to Quebec as prisoners. In the course of the action, Brocks command suffered two wounded. An embarrassing defeat, the loss of Detroit saw the situation in the Northwest radically transformed and quickly dashed American hopes of a triumphant march into Canada. Fort Detroit remained in British hands for over a year until being re-taken by Major General William Henry Harrison in the fall of 1813 following Commodore Oliver Hazard Perrys victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. Hailed as a hero, Brocks glory proved brief as he was killed at the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13, 1812.

Catherine of Valois Biography

The Necessity of Keeping University Entrance Examination

THE NECESSITY OF KEEPING UNIVERSITY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION By Nguyeà £n Ngoà ¯c Khaà ¹nh Linh Professor OÂng Vaà ªn Minh Taà ¢m COM2-D May 2008 Outline I. Introduction: The Vietnam education reform: omitting university entrance examination II. Reasons for not abolishing university entrance examination: A. Best selection guarantee B. The shortage of colleges and universities C. The effect of entrance exams III. Conclusion After a few recent years of debates, Vietnam education and training Department has made the decision to abolish annual national university entrance examination. Argument, therefore, has been brought about and this issue has become one†¦show more content†¦Vu Quang Viet indicates that only 1.6% of Vietnamese citizens can pursue their tertiary study (â€Å"Chi tieà ¢u cho gà ­ao duà ¯c: Nhà ¶Ãƒ µng con soà ¡ â€Å"giaà ¤t mà ¬nh!†Ã¢â‚¬ . VietNamNet. 13 Feb. 2006), which means that the number of seats in colleges and universities are limited, and admission, thus, is extremely selective. Therefore, conducting the university entrance exams is the most logical and impartial way to decide whom to pursue higher study. As we can see, in every aspect, people have to compete to get what fulfills their needs when there is insufficient source of supplies. In ancient eras, when people lived in caves, they fought for food when there was shortage of food. In modern his tory, big countries fought for colonies, which caused World War II. In other words, when everyone wants their needs to be met while there is shortage of supplies, they have to compete for it. None can be exempted from this fact. Similarly, in this case, every student wants to get admission when there are few available seats, they have to compete for those seats. It is logical. The third point is that the national university examination will encourage students to study. Thus, the qualification of admitted students will be enhanced. How could we be sure that those who admitted into universities are able to pursue their study? The answer is that, if they are able to pass the entrance tests, their levels are high enough to follow their academic path. In order to pass the entrance exams, they have toShow MoreRelatedOnline Admission Processing System5069 Words   |  21 Pagesmin ONLINE ADMISSION PROCESSING SYSTEM COMPUTER ENGINNERING DEPARTMENT CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Admission of students into university is an indispensable activity in every educational system. It is as old as education itself. At Caritas University, enrollment of more students into the school over the past few years have steadily increased the demand on the admission office. More applications resulted in heavier paper work and processing challenges. Every admission was routed through various departmentsRead More Problems in the United States Educational System Essay3154 Words   |  13 Pages It is obvious that every country wants to produce as many educated people as possible. But, at the same time, every country needs workers because, regardless of the fast development of technology, there is still a great necessity for human labor. To satisfy all the necessities of the country, the government should provide different kinds of education. This does not mean that we need to eliminate all of the standards; they could be set in each field of education. Although standards are set, thereRead MoreYouth Unemployment in Nigeria4294 Words   |  18 Pageshappening to Nigeria at the moment. The effects are felt in daily activities by every group of people: the rich, the poor, the young and the old. Security is nothing to write home about. The ‘smart guy’ who just completed a first degree course in a university, and comes out without any prospects of a good job will definitely not sit idle. He seeks every possible way to make ends meet to become â€Å"a man†, not minding the means believing the saying that â€Å"the end justifies the means†. The first effect isRead MoreThe Importance Of Keeping And Improving Overall Quality Of Teachers Essay2363 Words   |  10 Pagesleaders, Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, once commented that teachers are the engineers of human souls. With the rise of globalization, an increasing number of students are choosing to study aboard, especially in the United Kingdom. The importance of keeping and improving the ov erall quality of teachers in the UK is therefore extremely significant. Apart from the level of job satisfaction that motivates teachers to continue improving, the reward system also exerts a strong influence on teachers’ behaviourRead MorePolice Supervision Essay2520 Words   |  11 PagesPolice Department. After graduating high school and attending at the University of Pleasant, he took the exam for the Utopia Police Department and scored number 3 which landed him a job in 1986. After his probation period ended, he was placed into one of the more productive squads. Sergeant Robert Hulett, who was known as an energetic workaholic, trained Wentworth. He scored number one on the entrance, sergeant and lieutenant examinations for the department. He was even better known for his ability toRead MoreFuture of Education7714 Words   |  31 Pagesï » ¿ My Vision for the Future of Public Education: All Students, Regardless of Social Status, Race, Gender, or Minority, Have Equal Opportunity to Pursue a High Quality Education Western Governors University Robbie Weaver SCA1 March 12, 2014 My Vision for the Future of Public Education: All Students, Regardless of Social Status, Race, Gender, or Minority, Have Equal Opportunity to Pursue a High Quality Education Equal Opportunity has been an important facet of our societyRead MoreThe Roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (Namis) in the Development of Education in Oyo State: a Case Study of Namis, Egbeda Local Government Area Chapter7207 Words   |  29 Pageslife (Niaz, 1995.) People keep historical accounts of their heritages, culture and religions through the educational system they establish for their children; they transmit their value and belief system through such institutions as schools. Keeping up with religious duties during the school days establishes a strong connection between students and their faith, and enhances possibility of practicing their religion as they grow older. In history of education in Nigeria, early schools inRead MoreWho Gets Power and How They Hold on to It10070 Words   |  41 Pagesclaiming more influence for themselves than their colleagues attributed to them. Such agreement on those who have influence, and those who do not, was not unique to this insurance company. So far we have studied over 20 very different organizations—^universities, research firms, factories, banks, retailers, to name a few. In each one we found individuals able to rate themselves and their peers on a scale of influence or power. We have done this both for specific decisions and for general impact on organizationalRead MoreHow Starbucks Enter Into the Hong Kong Market5983 Words   |  24 Pageshealth safety related regulations) will also have influence on the operations of specialty coffee. Any non-compliance on such regulations would have detrimental impact on the brand and goodwill of the coffee company. Economic Coffee is not a basic necessity and specialty coffee is not cheap. Any adverse economic situation will have negative impact on the business. High inflation rate, fluctuation in interest rates, or high employment rate will affect the disposable income, so as the purchasing powerRead MoreRosalind Krauss - Photographys Discursive Spaces9350 Words   |  38 Pagesthat photographic societies organized exhibitions on the model of Establishment salons. Legitimations depend on going beyond the presentation of apparent membership in a given family; they demand, instead, the demonstration of the internal, genetic necessity of such membership . Galassi wants, therefore, to address internal, formal structures rather than external, circumstantial details. To this end he wishes to prove that the perspective so prominent in nineteenth-century outdoor photography -a perspective

Social Behavior And Society By Dr. G. Scott Acton And The...

Sociology is the study of social behavior and society. An important part of social behavior is analyzing how we as people behave and the patterns of how we interact with one another. The article in which I have looked into is titled, â€Å"Attachment Theory.† The website of this article is maintained by Dr. G. Scott Acton and the article was written by Cristan E. Eagan. The professional journal article this was published in is Personality Research, a website that I found through the Social Psychology Network. It was last updated in 2002, so it is a little over a decade outdated, but has very important and useful information. The research topic is how different senses of attachment work and how we are affected by them. The author is investigating the ways we deal with, â€Å"attachment, separation, and loss in close personal relationships.† The social theory being investigated is attachment theory, which is defined as, â€Å"Attachment theory is a psychological model th at attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships between humans.†(Wikipedia). Also, this theory emerges interpersonal theory, and attachment styles as sensitive responding, strange situation and Harlow’s experiments. These subcategories truly explain and expand on what we do when attached or let go of and how it happens. To begin the discussion, we will touch base on how the author plays previous researches into the article. First, the article contains the model of self and of other, from

Hotel Case Free Essays

The Royal Hotel Case Study describes a situation where a junior consultant has architected a hotel maintenance management and issue tracking solution for a boutique hotel client. Blake, the consultant, identified a hotel maintenance management package which included a Rapid Response issue logging module, Preventative Maintenance module and the Reporting Module. Blake left the engagement prior to the completion of the change and has been called back because the system has been month balled a few weeks after go live. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The hotel GM and Blake’s boss are extremely unhappy. The Cast of characters Blake Cantera An MBA student with two weeks consulting training. The architect of the solution on his first engagement Royal Hotel GM A no nonsense, old school hotelier, running a boutique business hotel in New York. The GM wants to eliminate situations where guests discover maintenance issues. Director of Housekeeping Not a champion for the system and does not take ownership for the maintenance issues at the hotel Director of Maintenance Roll has a natural conflict with housekeeping – did housekeeping report the issues and maintenance lose it, or did housekeeping just not report it? Director IT Espresso Vendor Potentially oversold the solution as a panacea Jack Scarso A colleague of Blake’s with similar experience, who is held in low esteem. Jack was assigned to implement the solution when Blake was transferred off. Jack received virtually no handover. Fancy Consultants Boss The kind of boss who provides little support and mountains of expectation and appears to take little or no responsibility for the issues. Issues with the solution and approach The implementation of the Espresso system would classify as a second order change which impacts Technology, Process and People and requires careful planning on how to overcome the End Users resistance to change which could dramatically impact the adoption of the system. The GM is an â€Å"Old School† hotelier however the proposed solution is a very â€Å"New School† solution; relying on digital logging, reporting and electronic task tracking rather than relationships and hierarchy for effectiveness, this suggests some ultural challenges that would appear not to have been addressed. The staff who are required to interact with the system will undergo process and cultural changes The way that housekeeping report issues changes – instead of waiting until the end of the shift they now report issues using the phone as they come across them. Maintenance teams are now being tracked using the sidekick and bar code system, to ensure stations are visited. Additionally repor ting has been implemented to identify top performers and motivate staff. As such attention to managing the people dimension to ensure that the change is adopted is critical to the success of the initiative In-experienced change implementor acting without supervision or guidance. Change in key resources during the implementation with little effective transition or handover. Limited or no executive or general management oversight or support of the implementation from FC, the Royal Hotel or the Vendor. What should Blake do? Firstly, Blake needs to ensure that the Espresso System has the comitment of the full management team. After all, these are the people who let the system get mothballed so quickly. This means assembling the stakeholders and seeking their commitment to the success of this initiative – this is not just Blakes’ problem and Blake can’t fix it by himself – the system needs to be owned. Next Blake needs to understand what the current situation is which will involve clarifying the following Why did the employees stop using the system Why did the Directors of Maintenance and Housekeeping let their employees stop using the system? What needs of the employees did the old system better suit? How was the bar coding of maintenance points deployed? Did the management team receive the new reports and were their requirements catered for with the reporting tools? How were job changes managed and assigned – for example monitoring the Command Centre? Infrastructure – did the solution integrate with existing infrastructure – were the reports accessible? Were the sidekick units adopted? Through this process of analysis Blake can produce a post implementation review and and action plan for system design modifications, change management, training and re-release. How to cite Hotel Case, Essay examples

The Spanish Empire in the Americas free essay sample

Chapter 1 Study Guide The Spanish Empire in the Americas 1. Three arguments’ that Juan Gines de Sepulveda used to justify enslaving the Native Americans were for gold, ore deposits, and for God’s sake and man’s faith in him. 2. Three arguments that Bartolome de las Casas gave in attacking Spanish clonial policies in the New World were the Indians eating human flesh, worshiping false gods, and also, he believed that the Indians were cowardly and timid. 3. For comparisons that Sepulveda used, in lines 1-7, to express the inferiority of the Indians was their prudence, skill virtues, and humanity were inferior to the Spanish as children to adults, or even apes to men. Comparisons he used to dismiss the significance of the Indians â€Å"Ingenuity for various works of artisanship† were the animals, birds, and spiders that could make things humans could not replicate. In either situation, there was no appropriateness. 4. Las Casas may have weekened his case by requiring that the Spanish must restore what had been taken unjustly from the Indians because the Spanish ultimately modernized them and if they were given back what had been taken, they would again become ‘retro’. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spanish Empire in the Americas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If the Indians had been given back their bow and arrows, then they would have no use for them because they have guns. 5. The bias that Las Casas expressed in the last paragraph in his book was that Muslims are savages. The Encounter 1. What  kind of existence did the first people who came to North America live? The kind of existence that the first people who came to North America to live was very icy, cold and rugged. They were hunters and gatherers so they were a nomadic people. This means hay regularly picked up and moved making life even harder. 2. What is the dominant theory as to how the  first people came to North America? The Dominant theory known as to how the first people came to North America was that they crossed on a land bridge formed by the ice age over the bearing strait. Also well argued is that the nomads came by boat and hugged the coast on their way. 3. What was significant about farming groups when compared to nomadic groups? Farming groups were able to stay in one place and this enabled them to do a lot of things more than the nomads. They were able to harvest crops, have more babies, build cities, build populations, and create better housing. 4. What were the  three great empires according to the article? What were the dominant features of each? The three great empires were the Maya, Aztec, and Incas. The dominant features of the Maya were the advanced intellectual aspects  of the cities as well as the water system that they made. The dominant features of the Aztec were their means to live off the land, which in their case proved the desert, and also able to build a large city with mass trade and a great army. The dominant features of the Inca were their ability to stretch their empire more than any other and to harvest 100’s 1000’s of different potatoes and corn. 5. What is a common belief among many of the groups in North America? A common belief among many of the groups in North America is that there is a creator and also the bond between humans and nature. 6. Why were Europeans looking for new trade routes to the Indies?

uuggfds Essay Example

uuggfds Essay Ram Mohammed Singh Azad (Udham Singh) Born 26 December 1899 Sunam, Punjab, British India Died 31 July 1940 (aged 40) Pentonville Prison, United Kingdom Organization Ghadar Party, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association,lndian Workers Association Political movement Indian Independence movement Religion Sikh Mohammed was an Indian revolutionary, best known for assassinating Michael ODwyer in March 1940 in what has been described as an avenging of the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre. His name was Udhan Singh but he changed it to Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, symbolising the equality of all faith and of the three major religions of India: Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism. Singh is considered one of the best-known revolutionaries of the Indian independence struggle; he is also sometimes referred to as Shaheed-I-Azam Sardar Udham Singh (the expression Shaheed-i- Azam, Urdu: 3-45, means the great martyr). Bhagat Singh and Singh along with Chandrasekhar Azad,RaJguru and Sukhdev, were among the most famous revolutionaries in the first half of 20th-century India. For their actions, the British government labelled these men as Indias earliest Marxists. He was born in Shahpur Kalan village in Sunam Tehsil in Sangrur district of Punjab, India. He was born to a Sikh farming family headed by Sardar Tehal Singh Jammu (known as Chuhar Singh before taking the Amrit). Sardar Tehal Singh was at that time working as a watchman on a railway crossing in the village of Upalli. Singhs mother died in 1901. His father followed in 1907. With the help of Bhai Kishan Singh Ragi, both Sher Singh and his elder brother, Mukta Singh, were taken in by the Central Khalsa Orphanage Putlighar in Amritsar on 24 October 1907. They were administered the Sikh initiatory rites at theorphanage and received new names: Sher Singh became Udham Singh, and Mukta Singh became Sadhu Singh. We will write a custom essay sample on uuggfds specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on uuggfds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on uuggfds specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sadhu Singh died in 1917, which came as a great shock to his brother. While at orphanage, Singh was trained in various arts and crafts. He passed his matriculation examination in 1918 and left the orphanage in 1919. On 13 April 1919, over twenty thousand unarmed Indians (Sikhs Hindus), peacefully assembled in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, to listen to several prominent local leaders speak out against British colonial rule in India and against the arrest and deportation of Dr. Satya Pal, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, and few others under the unpopular Rowlatt Act. Singh and his friends from the orphanage ere serving water to the crowd. Not much later, a band of 90 soldiers armed with two armoured cars with mounted machine guns. The vehicles were unable to enter the Bagh owing to the narrow entrance. Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer was in command. The troops had entered the Bagh by about 5 PM. With no warning to the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to open fire. The attack lasted ten minutes. Since the only exit was barred by soldiers, people tried to climb the walls of the park. Some also Jumped into a well inside the compound to escape the bullets. A laque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well alone. Singh mainly held Michael ODwyer responsible for what came to be known as the Amritsar Massacre. New research supporting this fact reveals the massacre to have occurred with the Governors full connivance to teach the Indians a lesson, to make a wide impression and to strike terror throughout Punjab. The incident had greatly shaken young Singh and proved a turning point in his life. After bathing in the holy sarovar (pool of nectar), Singh took a silent vow and solemn pledge in front f the Golden Temple to wreak a vengeance on the perpetrators of the crime and to restore honour to what he saw as a humiliated nation. The opportunity came on 13 March 1940, almost 21 years after the Jallianwala Bagh killings: A Joint meeting of the East India Association and the Central Asian Society (now Royal Society for Asian Affairs) was scheduled at Caxton Hall, and among the speakers was Michael ODwyer. Singh concealed his revolver in a book specially cut for the purpose and managed to enter the hall. He took up his position against the wall. At the end of the meeting, the athering stood up, and ODwyer moved towards the platform to talk to Zetland. Singh pulled his revolver and fired. ODwyer was hit twice and died immediately. Then Singh fired at Zetland, the Secretary of State for India, injuring him but not seriously. Incidentally, Luis Dane was hit by one shot, which broke his radius bone and dropped him to the ground with serious injuries. A bullet also hit Lord Lamington, whose right hand was shattered. Singh did not intend to escape. He was arrested on the spot. His weapon, a knife, his diary, and a bullet fired on the day are ow kept in the Black Museum of Scotland Yard. While in Police custody, Singh remarked: Is Zetland dead? He ought to be. I put two into him right there, indicating with his hand the pit of his stomach on the left side. Singh remained quiet for several minutes and then again said: Only one dead, eh? I thought I could get more. I must have been too slow. There were a lot of women about, you know. On 1 April 1940, Singh was formally charged with the murder of Michael ODwyer. While awaiting trial in Brixton Prison Singh went on a 42-day hunger strike and had to be forcibly fed aily. On 4 June 1940, he was committed to trial, at the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, before Justice Atkinson. When the court asked about his name, he replied Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, (Ram as a Hindu name, Mohammad as a Muslim name and Singh as a Sikh name). Azad means to be free. This demonstrated the four things that were dear to him and his transcendence of race, caste, creed, and religion. Singh explained: l did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. Singh was convicted, and Atkinson sentenced him to death. On 31 July 1940, Singh was hanged at Pentonville Prison. As with other executed prisoners, he was buried later that afternoon within the prison grounds. In March 1940, Indian National Congress leader Jawahar Lal Nehru, condemned the action of Singh as senseless, but statement in the daily Partap: l salute Shaheed-I-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army condemned Mahatama Gandhis statement referring to Bhagat Singh as well as also to the capital punishment of Singh, which it considered to be a challenge to the Indian Youths.

How to Write an Essay Based on the Environmental Problems Sample

How to Write an Essay Based on the Environmental Problems SampleEnvironmental problems sample essay can be used as a tool to assist you in a variety of situations. You can use these samples as an aid to help you with a variety of situations.The first thing you will need to do is find a sample essay that is relevant to your particular situation. The best places to start would be the Environmental topics, Ethical and moral issues, and Environmental policies and planning. It's important to understand that all of these different topics are closely related and all fall under the umbrella of environmental issues.Once you have decided on a topic to write about, it's time to go over it and make sure you understand everything that is being said. This is really one of the most important steps in order to properly write an essay. Make sure you know your points well before you begin writing.After you have written up your sample essay, you are now ready to write a response to the essay. Write a r esponse to your essay. Be sure to follow the guidelines below when writing the response.In order to properly answer your essay, you will need to take into consideration the fact that the essay that you wrote was an environmental problems sample. You will want to use examples from the essay that the sample essay is based on. You should also find yourself using the same examples throughout your response. This means that you will have to give a reason why the results are the way they are.Always make sure that you choose a statement that isn't too vague. You can use sentences that are as long as five or six words. This will help you have a strong and concise response. When you provide a strong and concise response, you will be able to convey your point clearly.In conclusion, when you go to write an essay based on the environmental problems sample, you will want to be sure to follow the guidelines that are given in this article. Doing so will help you make sure that you have a strong and articulate essay that will be able to answer the question asked.

Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Example

Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Example Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay Alcohol Marketing and Advertising Essay golf shirts, patio umbrellas, and glassware). Some of the sites offer an opportunity to sign up for e-mail messages that contain similar text. Approximately a dozen of the sites have interactive features, such as the opportunity to play a game like dominoes or to click on images of men and women in a cocktail lounge to see what they are saying. These features are presented in a slow-paced, low-key manner; their appeal to today’s youth is uncertain. Four of the sites feature more alluring content, e. g. , photos of scantily clad models on a beach. Over 90% of the sites feature references to the fact that alcohol is for persons of legal age or contain other responsibility messages. The Commission also reviewed the sites for response to the Commission’s 1999 recommendation to attempt to limit access to users stating they are over the age of 21. All of the brewers’ sites and most of the vintners’ sites had responded to the recommendation, and featured such a system. Most of the distillers’ sites instead required that visitors click on a box stating that they are of legal age before entering the site; however, DISCUS has now modified its code to require use of an age verification mechanism which could consist of requiring visitors to enter a birth date over the age of 21 in order to enter an alcohol advertising site. Three companies provided data showing that between 30% and 70% of consumers exit a site rather than entering their date of birth. It is not known whether this is because they are underage, wish to avoid the inconvenience, or are concerned about privacy. In some cases, if a consumer enters his age and is rejected for being underage, the consumer is automatically sent to a web site promoting responsible drinking practices (such as the Century Council site) or to a site for a non-alcohol product. 58 In addition to sponsoring branded web sites, some companies place banner ads on web sites operated by others. The documents obtained from two companies that engaged in this practice in 2002 show that such ads are placed on sites shown by reliable data to have adult audiences that 18 equaled or exceeded 75% (such as NHL. com and Maxim. com) or even 85% (such as Ticketmaster. com and ESPN. com). Alcohol web sites are different from other alcohol advertising because consumers must seek them out – unlike television or print ads, their content does not appear unsolicited. Further, when the Commission last reviewed this issue, there were no technologies that permitted advertisers to limit site entry to those who could be determined to be of legal age. As a result, the Commission urged alcohol advertisers to limit entry to alcohol web sites to those who entered a date of birth showing that they were 21 or older. The Commission recognizes that some consumers may indicate an inaccurate date of birth. So long as web site content is not likely to appeal to minors, however, the requirement to enter date of birth may be sufficient, as the alternative is to require site visitors to provide sufficient personal information to permit verification of their adult status. The Commission thus continues to urge all industry members to avoid web site content that appeals to minors. Operators of web sites that feature content likely to have strong appeal to minors, or that permit consumers to order alcohol online, should consider use of age verification technologies. These technologies require the consumer to enter personal identifying information (such as a name and driver’s license number); they immediately compare this data to publicly available information in government databases and then limit site access to those consumers demonstrated to be over a specific age (such as 21). 9 c. Advertising to College Students In the 1999 Report, the Commission identified advertising to college students as a source of concern, given the presence of a significant underage audience and the high incidence of abusive college drinking. It cited, as a best practice, restrictions on campus alcohol beverage advertising and raised concerns about ads in campus newspap ers placed by off-campus bars that appeared to promote irresponsible drinking. A substantial minority of college students – approximately 42. % – are below the legal drinking age, and a 2002 report sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism discussed in depth the issues associated with college drinking and identified potential prevention measures. 60 As of 2003, the Wine Institute and DISCUS codes continue to 19 prohibit advertising in college newspapers and prohibit marketing activities on campuses, except (in the case of the DISCUS Code) at licensed retail establishments. The Beer Institute Code continues to permit members to sponsor on-campus sports events, but only with the approval of the college and (in the case of public events) where most of the audience is reasonably expected to be 21 or over. The Revised Beer Institute Code also specifies that promotions on college campuses should not portray consumption of beer as being important to education; shall not degrade studying; and shall not encourage irresponsible, excessive, underage, or otherwise illegal alcohol consumption. With regard to ads local alcohol retailers place in college campus media, most companies now direct the parties engaged in selling their product, including distributors, wholesalers, and sales and marketing personnel to comply with their college marketing policies. The Commission is not aware of any indications of non-compliance with these policies. With regard to activities specifically targeted to U. S. students at â€Å"spring break† locations, whether here or abroad, the alcohol companies surveyed by the Commission now universally limit such promotions to licensed retail locations such as bars and restaurants. 1 A few of the companies stated that when sponsoring on-premise promotions, they take extra steps to prevent underage consumption by having extra security to check identification. 62 d. Direct Shipment of Alcohol to Consumers Alcohol is typically purchased at a retail outlet or an â€Å"on-premise† location. This is consistent with the three-tier system, estab lished after Prohibition and enforced under state laws, which generally requires that alcohol manufacturers sell to retailers and wholesalers, who in turn sell to retailers, and who in turn sell to consumers. Through this system, consumers can obtain the most popular brands of beer, wine, and spirits. Nevertheless, consumers sometimes seek other avenues to purchase beverage alcohol. They may order alcohol through consumer clubs or from vintners’ web sites. 63 In a recent staff report, the Commission’s staff concluded that state laws banning direct shipment of wine to consumers reduced consumer choice and raised prices. It noted that states that permit interstate direct shipping generally report few or no problems with shipment to minors, with some states applying safeguards to online sales, such as requirements that package delivery companies obtain an adult 20 signature at the time of delivery, and others developing penalty and enforcement systems to provide incentives for compliance with prohibitions on sales to minors. 64 Direct shipment remains a very minor part of the alcohol supply system. In the case of wine, an industry expert estimates that at least 90% of wine is sold through the traditional three-tier channels. 5 Data show that over 99. 9% of the malt beverages sold in the U. S. is shipped from breweries to beer wholesalers or sold to consumers in brewpubs or tasting rooms at breweries. 66 Similarly, because the vast majority of spirits brands are available through local retail outlets, there has been little demand for direct shipping. 67 The web sites operated by the companies that were the subject of this inquiry do not, except in the case of wine sites, provide for sale of alcohol to consumers. As set forth in the Commission’s Wine Report, there is little evidence that teens seek to obtain alcohol through direct shipment. Nonetheless, it is important that direct shippers remain vigilant and that they use tools, such as adult signature requirements and online age verification technologies, to prevent online alcohol sales from being a means of teen access. e. Conclusion Beverage alcohol is promoted in a myriad of ways. The Commission’s review shows that industry members generally consider self-regulatory provisions when engaging in marketing efforts for beverage alcohol. Additionally, the industry trade associations continue to revise selfregulatory guidelines to address changes in marketing methods. The Commission encourages continued attention to these issues and will monitor implementation. 5. Consumer Education by Industry Although precise figures are not available, it appears that on average the beverage alcohol industry spends more than $50 million annually to sponsor public service activities to combat alcohol abuse and to reduce underage drinking and attendant injury. 68 Some of these programs are sponsored directly by individual alcohol companies; others are sponsored by industry organizations such as the Century Council, the Beer Institute, the National Beer Wholesalers Association, and the Brewers’ Association of America. Materials are widely available free of charge and often in different languages. 21 The alcohol industry’s public service efforts include a number of programs and resources aimed at reducing the harm associated with underage and abusive drinking, and to assist enforcement of the legal drinking age and drunk driving laws. They include: programs for parents and other adults, to facilitate conversations with children about alcohol issues;69 programs for underage persons, intended to educate adolescents and young adults about the importance of the legal age requirement, responsible drinking, and risks of abuse;70 programs for college administrators, designed to provide guidance to colleges about effective programs to reduce alcohol abuse on college campuses;71 and programs for alcohol beverage retailers and servers, designed to promote enforcement of laws prohibiting sale to minors and to prevent serving underage and intoxicated persons. 72 These programs are generally developed by professionals in the fields of education, medicine, or alcohol abuse. Many are undertaken in partnership with community organizations, educational groups, law enforcement officials, and the public health community. These programs follow approaches recommended by alcohol research. For example, research shows that parental monitoring protects against alcohol use;73 industry programs designed to facilitate parent-child communications about alcohol use are intended to promote such monitoring. Research also shows that adolescents and young adults overestimate social norms, that is, peer approval and use of alcohol; these erroneous beliefs are correlated with alcohol use and abuse. 4 Although more study is needed, some studies have shown that well-implemented programs to correct erroneous views of social norms can have a positive effect. 75 Finally, efforts to facilitate enforcement of the legal drinking age are shown to reduce underage alcohol use. 76 Although more rigorous research regarding the effectiveness of specific programs is needed, the industryâ⠂¬â„¢s consumer education programs have the potential to help address issues of underage alcohol use. The Commission encourages industry members to maintain links on their web sites to these programs and their materials, to facilitate access to this information. 22 IV. Conclusions and Recommendations A. Marketing of Flavored Malt Beverages The Commission’s investigation found no evidence of targeting underage consumers in the marketing of FMBs. Adults 21 to 29 appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing and the products are popular among adults, including those over 27. FMB ads were placed in compliance with the industry’s 50% placement standard. The 50% placement standard in effect at the time these products were introduced permitted the ads to reach a substantial youth audience, however, and ad content that appeals to new legal drinkers, as well as the sweet taste of FMBs, may be attractive to minors. Although there is no information to show the extent to which teens drink these beverages, the Commission believes that marketers should exercise significant caution when introducing new alcohol products, to ensure that they are not marketed to an underage audience. B. Industry Self-Regulation Programs Self-regulation practices in the alcohol industry have shown improvement since issuance of the 1999 Report. With regard to external review of code compliance, in 1999 only the DISCUS Code Review Board provided external review of company compliance with self-regulatory guidelines; there was insufficient evidence, however, whether the Code Review Board’s program was conducted in a critical and independent fashion, and the Commission criticized the proceedings for being nonpublic. The present review suggests that the DISCUS Code Review Board proceedings do provide an important review of spirits industry compliance with the DISCUS Code; further, DISCUS has now committed to publicize its findings semi-annually and has created an outside advisory group to provide input on certain cases. Additionally, Coors now participates in a third-party review program run by the BBB, and two other companies are adopting alternative mechanisms to obtain external input regarding their compliance with selfregulatory standards. The largest improvements have occurred in the area of ad placement. In 1999, only half of the companies surveyed were able to demonstrate compliance with placement standards. In 2002, all of the companies achieved 99% compliance with the 50% standard. More important, 23 the industry now has committed to adhere to a 70% placement standard and to implement postplacement audits. Additionally, the industry documents show increased attention to the issue of ad content. This area is particularly sensitive, given that minors are present in nearly every context where ads are disseminated. The company documents show many examples of ad concepts being rejected or modified to reduce the likelihood of appeal to minors. Still, a visible minority of beer ads feature concepts that risk appealing to those under 21. Since the issuance of the 1999 report, the companies also have made improvements in practices relating to product placement, Internet advertising, and marketing on college campuses. Most importantly, the companies that were the subject of this report have ceased sponsoring spring break activities outside of licensed retail establishments. Though self-regulatory compliance is substantially improved, concerns remain that unless care is taken, alcohol ads targeted to young legal drinkers also may appeal to those under the legal age. Nonetheless, because of significant constitutional issues, the Commission continues to recommend enhanced self-regulation to address concerns about alcohol advertising’s appeal to minors. C. Recommendations While advertising self-regulation is designed to prevent advertising and marketing practices that target underage consumers and reduce the number of ads seen by minors, a comprehensive alcohol policy also must address the means by which teens actually obtain alcohol for consumption. Research indicates that younger minors obtain alcohol primarily from noncommercial sources such as friends, parents, and other adults. For example, in one survey, 32% of 6th graders, 56% of 9th graders, and 60% of 12th graders reported obtaining alcohol at parties. 77 Social availability of alcohol to teens through parents, friends, and strangers can be addressed only by changing adult attitudes about teen use. Institutions focusing on alcohol issues may wish to consider development of additional programs targeted to adults. For example, wider awareness of the success of the legal drinking age in reducing underage drinking and related injury could influence some adults who provide alcohol to minors. 4 Second, changes are needed to reduce underage alcohol purchases from commercial outlets. Minimum age purchase laws are implemented by staff at local retail outlets and enforced by law enforcement agencies with limited resources and significant competing responsibilities. Older minors too often are able to obtain alcohol from commercial sources, such as retail stores or bars, although access to alcohol from commercial s ources is less likely in states with better enforcement of legal drinking age laws. 8 During this past year, the many stakeholders in the alcohol control process – including state alcohol control agencies; state law enforcement officials; representatives of major retail outlets; and alcohol producers, wholesalers, and distributors – organized under the aegis of the Responsible Retailing Forum (RRF) to evaluate what changes are needed to reduce minors’ ability to purchase alcohol in retail outlets. 79 Support is needed for the efforts of organizations, like RRF, that can conduct rigorous field studies of the efficacy of alternative approaches to improving enforcement of minimum age purchase laws. The Commission’s review of alcohol industry self-regulation reveals a substantial response to the recommendations contained in the 1999 Report. All industry members need to be active in preventing advertising or marketing that may support or encourage underage alcohol use. Although more could be done to reduce underage exposure to alcohol marketing, increased attention to preventing teen access to alcohol, whether through social or commercial channels, also is needed to address this important issue. The Commission will continue to monitor alcohol industry self-regulation. In particular, the Commission will monitor the new placement standard requiring that adults constitute 70% of the audience for advertising. Additionally, the Commission will monitor the effectiveness of thirdparty and other external review programs and will continue to evaluate new advertising programs that may have undue appeal to underage consumers. 25 1. The Conferees direct the Commission to study the impact on underage consumers of the significant expansion of new ads for liquor-branded alcopops and report the Commissions finding to the Committee within six months of enactment of this Act. The Conferees are also concerned that the alcoholic beverage industry has not implemented all of the recommendations of the 1999 Commission report, ‘Self Regulation and the Alcohol Industry,’ and that only one industry member has taken action to provide for independent review of complaints about its advertising. The Conferees urge the Commission to encourage the industry to adopt stricter advertising placement standards as well as establish an independent third-party review mechanism to limit the appeal and exposure of alcohol advertising to underage consumers and report back to the Committees on Appropriations no later than six months from enactment of this bill on the status of the implementation of these recommendations and whether further rule-making by the Commission is required. Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-7, Div. B. , Title II (House Subcommittee on Appropriations). 2. Id. see Self-Regulation in the Alcohol Industry, A Report to Congress From the Federal Trade Commission (Sept. 1999) [hereinafter â€Å"1999 Report†]. 3. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE STUDY, tbls. 2 and 6 (2002), http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t2. pdf and http://monitoringthefuture. org/data/02data/pr02t6. pdf (ac cessed 6/23/03). Nationwide data regarding alcohol consumption by 8th and 10th graders was first collected in 1991. 4. L. D. JOHNSTON ET AL. , NAT’L INST. ON DRUG ABUSE, MONITORING THE FUTURE, NATIONAL RESULTS ON ADOLESCENT DRUG USE: OVERVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS, 2002, NIH PUB. NO. 02- 5374 at 47 (2003) [hereinafter MTF 2002]. In 2002, 12. 4% of 8th graders, 22. 4% of 10th graders, and 28. 6% of 12th graders reported consuming five or more drinks in a row in the previous two weeks. Id. at 48. 5. Id. Also in 2002, 6. 7% of 8th graders, 18. 3% of 10th graders, and 30. 3%

6 Essential Things to Bring to an Interview

6 Essential Things to Bring to an Interview So much preparation (and blood and sweat and tears) goes into getting a job interview that sometimes it’s easy to forget the practicalities. In other words: there’s so much we can’t control when going to an interview; it’s hard to remember the few things we can control. Here are six things to bring to an interview to ensure you succeed.1. Google MapsFigure this out ahead of time. How long will it realistically take you to get to the interview location. Will it be rush hour? Will the bus you expect to take be running at that time on that day of the week? Map it out and run it through in your head. Then, just in case your phone battery dies or your 4G fails, make some sort of physical copy to carry with you, just in case.2. Your resumeYes, they already have it. But the likelihood of someone asking you for another copy is very high. Have a couple copies with you, ready to go- have five! You’ll never look stupid having a hard copy on hand when asked, th ough you might feel pretty silly if you’re asked for one and can’t deliver.3. Pen and paperYes, it’s old-fashioned. But imagine a scenario in which you have to take note of something. If you pull out your phone to type it in, how will that look? (It will look like you’re texting. Even if you swear you aren’t.) It’s also very useful to have a notepad on hand to jot down some post-interview notes and names, and will make it easier for you to recall details when you send your follow-up thank yous.4. QuestionsAs in: you should have some. You’ll be asked the dreaded, â€Å"Do you have any questions for us?† So you might as well be ready for it. Write these down in the aforementioned notepad, or have a printed sheet with you to reference. Better yet, have them memorized. But do have them prepared.5. PortfolioEven if you’re not an artist or designer, it’s always useful to have some sample work ready to go. A writing samp le, perhaps. A copy of a particularly well-executed report or presentation. An annual report. You might never be asked for anything, but it’s always best to have something on hand in case you are.6. A smileGoing in with a positive attitude can make all the difference. You might be nervous, or having a terrible week, month, year- that doesn’t have to show. Go in there with confidence and charm and a smile on your face. Show your honest interest in the company and the position and your sincerity will be appreciated.

Legal Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Business Research Paper

Legal Aspects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Business - Research Paper Example If ABC wants to acquire Smith Bicycle Company, a private seller, it is vital to consider the two ways of acquiring the company. The first way of acquiring the business is by buying shares in the company that owns the business (Gole & Morris, 115). The second way of acquiring the company is through purchasing the assets of the company, which comprises the business. It is imperative to state that in this situation, the company is the seller, and it will thereby sell some or the entire assets to the buyer. It is worth denoting that share sales structure the majority of the acquisitions. A variety of factors may affect the structure used. Occasionally, it is vital to restructure the business or company before its sale in order to allow for proper acquisition. In the case of Smith Company, it is imperative to state that tax implications tremendously determine the structure of a transaction for both the buyer and sellers. Their interests may conflict particularly when achieving the vast be neficial tax outcome. Moreover, where sellers are individuals, there is a likelihood that the sellers will favor a share sale in order to circumvent a latent double tax charge (Gole & Morris, 116). This tax charge comprises of an initial tax charge on the company during the sale of assets to the buyer, and an additional tax charge on the shareholders of the company, when they pull out the sale profits from the company. Since tax immensely proves as a critical determining factor towards the structure of a deal, it is vital for the buyer and seller to obtain specialist tax advice. Based on the share sale, the buyer acquires the company together with all its â€Å"assets, liabilities, and obligations† (Gole & Morris, 118). This offers the sellers a suitable break, as, after the sale of the company, they will cease to have direct conscientiousness for the company. The buyer will thus owe any prevailing liability under the terms of warranties and indemnities agreed upon in the sal e and purchase agreement. Based on business sale, there is only an acquisition of assets and liabilities purchased by the buyer, implying that everything else remains with the company (Gole & Morris, 118). If the buyer suspects of unknown liabilities within the company or troubled by any business aspect, the buyer prefers to structure the deal as a business sale. It is worth denoting that there exist more realistic and marketable issues to assert on a business sale other than on share sale. Based on the share sale, there is an only a transfer of ownership of the company shares. It is imperative to state that while there is a change on the shareholders of the company, the assets that are inclusive of business contracts and licenses remain with the company. From the outside, there is minimal change as customers and suppliers will continue dealing with the company. However, certain contracts such as financing contracts in conjunction with other long-term agreements at times require the consent of the other party after planning of change of company’s ownership (Gole & Morris, 120). It is critical to identify such contracts earlier in the acquisition process.

The Idea of Being a Leader Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Idea of Being a Leader - Personal Statement Example Though these were just a few flashes in the pan did not matter at that time. They helped boost my ego which stayed inflated for a long, long time. The last day of the school had come. Suddenly the world seemed large, wide and menacing. I would be leaving all my dear friends with whom I had grown up, laughed, cried, argued, fought, made up, and in general just took life for granted. They had seen me besides studying, taking the active part in school functions, sports, dramas, elocution contests, and always been there for me and with me. I was not really sure what I was to do after school years. One said to go to college, another said it was not worth it. That my parents could not afford my college fees did not deter me. I simply did not have the will. I did not wish to go through some four grueling years just to prove to the world I was leadership material. This is when I learned the importance of following one's intuition when all else fails to convince. (Dr. Garfield, 322)1. It took me a couple of years to decide that I had better learn some skills and find a job. This led me to take up a course in shorthand and typing. I found some jobs and did a course in business management. But there was something else life had in store. I was not aware of it. But when I was 19, a Christian group met me and told me I need God to help me steer the course of my life. After some hesitation, I gave them a chance. Pilgrim's Progress Working in an auto dealers firm, I took an active part in church activities in my spare times. Evangelism and church planting could seem to be a raw deal in the beginning. But it yields fantastic returns and dividends. I found myself participating in campaigns, leadership meetings, seminars, and even began making my own speeches and presentations. My desire for writing found expression in 1976 when I got an opening to work for a religious magazine run by an American lady editor, Jane McNally, under whose leadership, I was able to polish up my grammar and even learn writing skills. I began participating in writing seminars and competitions and won prizes. Visions and Goals I was moving up in life. I found a job in a large, consumer goods manufacturing firm, and got set to buy an apartment flat. But the pay from my regular job, though decent, was not enough. This is when I decided to give a shot at teaching. My English was good and so was my shorthand. I got a part-time assignment to teach both these subjects at an institute after my regular office hours.

Kawasaki Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Kawasaki Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment Background Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis syndrome which may involve many organs, such as myocardium and the conduction system, and may cause inflammation in other organs such as pericarditis, endocarditis, cholecystitis etc. Etiology There is only little information of the etiology of KD. It is suspected as an infectious disease with an unknown pathogen (KatoSuda, 2012) or autoimmune disease (Starkebaum, 2013) that has an acute systemic vasculitis syndrome. Prevalence KD is a prevalent cardiac disease in Asia, North America, South America, Europe and Australia. Nakamura and Yanagawa (2004) stated that Asians were approximately 5-10 times more susceptible than white persons. (cited in KatoSuda, 2012) II. Clinical understanding of Kawasaki’s Disease Medical diagnostic criteria The principal diagnostic criteria of KD are presence of at least five of the major features: persistent fever for at least 5 days, conjunctival injection, changes in the mucosa of the oropharynx(such as strawberry tongue), changes in the peripheral extremities, erythematous rash over extremities or/and trunk, and cervical lymphadenopathy. If clients do not fulfill the classic criteria, they are considered as having incomplete KD. (Kato Suda, 2012) Difference between Roseola disease and Kawasaki disease Both Roseola and Kawasaki disease begin with sudden high fever, but their treatments are very different. The fever of KD is not very responsive to acetaminophen or ibuprofen which can be used to treat the fever of Roseola. After the fever, KD and Roseola cases both develop rash but their onsets of rash are not the same. Roseola case develops rash at the time of fever resolution, while KD case develops rash within two to three weeks after the onset of fever which may not be resolved.(Wang et al., 2009) Also, KD presents with some oral manifestations, like erythema, edema, fissuring of lips and a strawberry tongue which cannot be found in Roseola cases. (Ely Seabury, 2010) II. Clinical understanding of Kawasaki’s Disease Potential Complications Children with Kawasakis disease can develop vasculitis that causes weakening of the blood vessels and leads to aneurysms. Without treatment in time, 1 in 5 children with Kawasaki disease will develop coronary aneurysms. (Suzuki et. al., 1986) Either formation of blood clot in a coronary artery aneurysm or rupture of a large coronary artery aneurysm would lead to myocardial infarction which may cause death. Besides the coronary arteries, the myocardium, valves, and pericardium can become inflammatory. Arrhythmias or abnormal functioning of some heart valves, myocardial infarction and heart failure may also occur. Standard Treatments in Hong Kong Guided by the Hospital Authority in Hong Kong, intravenous gamma-globulin (IVGG) and aspirin are the treatment protocols for all KD clients admitted to hospital. (Yung et. al., 2002) For evaluating the coronary artery lesions, echocardiography are done for all patients and coronary angiography and heart catheterization are performed for selective clients. III. Case study and its nursing assessment Peter, a 1-yerar old baby, has been diagnosed as having Kawasaki Disease after admission. Peter is now suspected at the acute phase (Stage I) of the disease since he shows irritability, persistent fever for 4 days and erythematous rash over his extremities. For subjective data, he has high fever and diarrhoea for few days; fever was lower after treating with antipyretics and diarrhoea was subsided and rashes developed over his entire hands, arms, feet and legs, stated by his mother. For objective data, he is irritable, has a bright red tongue; his palms and soles had erythematous rash. In most of the cases, clients also have conjunctivitis, swollen cervical lymph nodes, inflammation of the pharynx and the oral mucosa develops with red and cracked lips and swollen joints. Beside of developing erythematous rash, skin on the extremities may be edema and peeling. Mostly, clients suffer from cardiac problems, such as myocarditis and tachycardia. (Starkebaum, 2013) These should be assessed after admission. IV. Plan for care Nursing diagnosis for the case study Hyperthemia related to inflammatory disease process, increased metabolic rate and dehydration as evidenced by body temperature greater than normal range Risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion related to vasculitis Impaired oral mucous membrane related to inflammatory process, dehydration, and mouth breathing as evidenced by presence of bright red tongue Impaired skin integrity related to inflammatory process, altered circulation as evidenced by having erythematous rash over palms and soles and his mum’s verbalization of presence of rash over extremities Risk for imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to inflammation and swollen of oral mucous membrane and tongue Ineffective family therapeutic regimen management related to knowledge deficit to Kawasaki disease as evidence by wrongly distinguishing Roseola and Kawasaki Disease Nursing Managements Management for Hyperthermia To treat hyperthermia, cooling should be promoted by wearing lightweight and loose-fitting clothing. This can encourage heat loss by radiation and conduction. Ice bags can be put on the forehead or around neck of client. Adequate water intake is also encouraged. In order to prevent complications and promote comfort, before administering aspirin, nurses should monitor temperature every 4 hours until client becomes afebrile for a day. Administer antipyretic medication if prescribed. Peter, in the case study, was treated with antipyretics before so his fever was lower. Continuous temperature monitoring is required. Also, increasing his fluid intake promotes recovery and prevents dehydration. Peter will be afebrile, checked with thermometer, and free of complications due to high-grade fever within 3 days. Management for Risk of complications and infection At the acute phase of KD, nurses should monitor client’s cardiac condition closely by assessing client’s cardiac status regularly, i.e. once a day, including measuring the apical rate, along with assessing any symptoms of shortness of breath and SaO2 level of client. Continuous monitoring is still suggested even though no S/S has shown up. The goal is that Peter will not develop any complications before discharge. Assessing any worsening condition is for evaluating nursing interventions in preventing complications. Once cardiac complications start to develop keep strict I/O and monitor SaO2 Q4H. Administer supplementary oxygen as prescribed. If client continues irritable and shows cyanosis, administer sedation as prescribed to reduce oxygen consumption and cardiac workload. Long term FU is required. In addition, note the presence of compromised vision of patient. Bilateral conjunctival inflammation was reported to be the most common symptom of Kawasaki disease after fever. (Yun et al., 2011) Note for any redness and assess the visual ability at regular time intervals. If Peter is suspected having compromised vision, assessed by providing vision stimuli to see any respond, consult ophthalmologist if possible. Management for Impaired skin integrity and oral mucous membrane Most of the KD clients will have erythematous rash over body, altered mucous membrane condition and ‘strawberry’ tongue, as mentioned. Client’s skin condition is assessed at regular time intervals. Also, nurse can apply emollients to affected area as ordered, and educate parents and help client to wear soft and loose clothing. Promoting nutritional status and encourage fluid intake are important in healing of rash. For the mucosal conditions, we should provide client mouth care, lubricate his lips and provide adequate clear liquid if not contraindicated. In Peter’s case, the aims are preventing lesion and promoting healing of the rash of his extremities and inflammated tongue within two weeks. Also, maintaining intact and moist oral mucous membrane that are free of inflammation, ulceration and infection before discharge. The oral condition will not affect his appetite, so as the nutritional status, evaluated by assessing his body weight daily. Management for Altered comfort Client suffered from KD often shows irritability due to pain and fever. (To deal with fever, please refer to Management for hyperthermia) Administer analgesia as prescribed to reduce the pain. A quiet environment may calm client, nurses can talk softly and avoid bright light if possible. James et al.(2013) suggested that line the bed with soft blanket from home can promote client’s sleeping quality. Encourage parents’ to bring client’s favourite toys and nipple may also help in comforting client. Nurse should manage the procedure systematically, in order to minimize disrupting client’s rest period. These actions can apply in Peter’s case. Peter will have adequate rest and show clam immediately after having these nursing actions. Family Education Some parents may not know what Kawasaki disease is. Nurses should provide information to client’s family and answer the inquiries. Client’s parents are often anxious of clients’ condition. Assessing the parent’s anxiety level and explaining procedure clearly are necessary. Nurse should also comfort parents by assuring them the fever, pain and irritability of the child will resolve eventually. Focusing on the case scenario, nurse should help his mother to differentiate the differences between KD and Roseola, including the etiology and S/S, after Peter’s admission. To reduce the chances of developing complications, nurse can teach his mother to monitor and assess early signs of complications of heart at the routine time, such as abnormal heart rate, arrhythmia, cyanosis and lower extremities edema. Provide pamphlet about KD for his mother to read. Asking for any inquiry and let her to verbalize at least two significant signs of having complications can evaluate her understanding. To prevent further infection, client’s carer should be educated to provide proper hand hygiene before touching client. It is also encouraged if we can invite her in planning the treatment regimen, which can reduce her anxiety and promote her compliance to client’s treatment regimen. Besides, since Peter is 1-year old, before Peter discharges, we should educate the mother that after IVGG treatment, vaccinations with live vaccine (e.g. MMR) should be delayed for 6 months. It is because antibodies may interfere with the immune responses to the vaccines (Salisbury Begg, 1996, as cited in Cheng, Wong So, 2003). We should make sure his mum remembers the specific dates of FU in order to detect abnormalities showing signs of potential complications. V. Conclusion Kawasaki Disease is a common paediatric disease, and it is different from Roseola. With early diagnosis, treatment and continuous follow-ups, it is a manageable and curative disease. Mimicry in Butterflies | Experiment Mimicry in Butterflies | Experiment Introduction The experiment will be testing mimicry in butterflies. Mimicry is the similarity between two organisms that evolved to protect a species from its predators. The similarity can be appearance, behaviour, sound or scent. Mimicry can be mutually beneficial for both organisms, or it can be damaging to one of the organisms involved. Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species imitates the warning signals of a harmful species, it is an antipredator adaptation. The wings of the Monarch butterfly are made up of a black, orange and white pattern. They are aposematic in both caterpillar and butterfly form, warning off predators with their bright coloured wings as a warning of their undesirable taste. Cardenolide aglycones is responsible for the undesirable taste of the Monarch butterflies, which the caterpillars ingest while feeding on milkweed. The Viceroy butterfly is distinguishable from the Monarch butterfly from its post median black line on the vein of its hindwing and it is smaller in si ze. Its defence against predators is mimicry of the Monarch butterfly. Hypothesis and Predictions The hypothesis is that mimicry in the butterflies does not have an effect on preference from the birds. Our predictions are that the birds will not choose the model butterfly because of the bright colour of the model butterfly. This means that the birds will more likely choose the mimic butterfly because it is less brightly coloured. Aims To see which butterfly the birds chooses first and to test mimicry in the viceroy butterfly and to see what effect mimicry has on preference from the birds. Pilot study A pilot study was undertook at Treborth Botanical gardens. The study was designed to emulate the mimicry of the monarch butterfly by the viceroy butterfly. This was done using different colour suet pellets. Yellow suet pellets and red suet pellets were used. They both had the same flavour. This was designed so that the birds would be choosing primarily on the colour and not the taste. Five sites of study were chosen. One pile of red suet pellets and one pile of yellow suet pellets were left at each test location. The piles of suet were placed on tree branches and in bird feeders were possible, but some had to be left on the ground. This possibly could corrupt results as ground-based rodents could consume suet pellets and these are not the subject of the experiment. Of the five sites of study four piles of red pellets were fully consumed, compared to only two sites in which the yellow suets were completely consumed. We took this as indication that the birds on site had a preference be tween the two colours of suet. However, the results may have been corrupted by herbivorous birds and small mammals which may have consumed the suet pellets instead of the target bird species. Methods Eggs would be collected from the area to be surveyed to ensure successful polymorphs are obtained from both species, and breeding age adult butterflies are not removed from the environment. The eggs would then be reared to adulthood (as only adult viceroys use mimicry). The butterflies would then be freeze-dried to preserve their colour and any unpalatable compounds in their tissues. This would also lower water activity and thus lower the chance of introducing bacteria and other pathogens to bird populations. The area to be surveyed would be divided into quadrats with equal and random treatments across varying habitats (as literature suggests predator density and diversity affects the success of mimicry). Per treatment a Viceroy and a Monarch butterfly would be pinned in close proximity to each other on a tree. First preference of prey would be recorded in the case of a butterfly being eaten by a predator. Predator species could also be recorded to discover if any species (such as di fferent Passeriform species) show a preference for either butterfly. Statistics A chi-squared test is used as data to be generated is frequency count data on which butterfly was chosen first which certifies that the data matches the requirements for a one-way chi-squared test. Discussion After analysing the weaknesses from the pilot study, the method was modified in the hope that it would make the plan stronger. With the issue of other predators, the ability to discount them attacking the butterfly was overcome by monitoring all test species. What was shown in our pilot study that in fact all the brightly colour suet pellet was gone contradicts what we believe should occur but the flaw in the pilot study design may account for that. The expected outcome for this experiment would be that batesian mimicry is shown. References Chai, P. (1986). Field observations and feeding experiments on the responses of rufous-tailed jacamars (Galbula ruficauda) to free-flying butterflies in a tropical rainforest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 29(3), pp.161-189. DellAglio, D., Stevens, M. and Jiggins, C. (2016). Avoidance of an aposematically coloured butterfly by wild birds in a tropical forest. Ecological Entomology, 41(5), pp.627-632. Flickr, (2011). Viceroy Caterpillar. [image] Available at: https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6185/6068401472_e8d8be1611_b.jpg [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. Guenther, L. (n.d.). Photo of a monarch caterpillar. [image] Available at: http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/monarc1.jpg [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. King, R., Stansfield, W. and Mulligan, P. (2007). A Dictionary of Genetics. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.278. Lindstedt, C., Eager, H., Ihalainen, E., Kahilainen, A., Stevens, M. and Mappes, J. (2011). Direction and strength of selection by predators for the color of the aposematic wood tiger moth. Behavioral Ecology, 22(3), pp.580-587. Parsons, J. (1965). A digitalis-like toxin in the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippusL. The Journal of Physiology, 178(2), pp.290-304. Pfennig, D., Harcombe, W. and Pfennig, K. (2001). Frequency-dependent Batesian mimicry. Nature, 410(6826), pp.323-323. Ritland, D. (1998). Mimicry-related Predation on Two Viceroy Butterfly (Limenitis archippus) Phenotypes. The American Midland Naturalist, 140(1), pp.1-20. Sutherland, W. (2006). Ecological census techniques. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.1-446. van Zandt Brower, J. (1958). Experimental Studies of Mimicry in Some North American Butterflies: Part I. The Monarch, Danaus plexippus, and Viceroy, Limenitis archippus archippus. Evolution, 12(1), pp.32-47. Wickler, W. (1965). Mimicry and the Evolution of Animal Communication. Nature, 208(5010), pp.519-521.